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(ellipse "ellipse";)108 210 Q(move;)108 222 Q(arc; down; move; "arc")108
234 Q(.PE)108 246 Q F0 .477(The \214rst thing to notice is the)97 267.6
R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mo)2.977 E(ve)-.1 E F0 .477(command, which mo)
2.977 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.977(sad).15 G(ef)-2.977 E .478
(ault distance \(1/2 inch\) in the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(rent mo)72 279.6 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G(ment direction.).15 E(Secondly)97 295.2 Q 3.335(,s)-.65 G
.835(ee ho)-3.335 F 3.335(ww)-.25 G 3.335(ec)-3.335 G .835
(an also decorate lines and arro)-3.335 F .835(ws with te)-.25 F 3.335
(xt. The)-.15 F .835(line and arro)3.335 F 3.335(wc)-.25 G(ommands)
-3.335 E .817(each tak)72 307.2 R 3.317(et)-.1 G 1.017 -.1(wo a)-3.317 H
-.18(rg).1 G .817(uments here, specifying te).18 F .817(xt to go abo)
-.15 F 1.117 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .817(nd belo).15 F 3.317(wt)-.25 G .817
(he object.)-3.317 F .818(If you w)5.817 F .818(onder wh)-.1 F 3.318(yo)
-.05 G(ne)-3.318 E(ar)72 319.2 Q(gument w)-.18 E
(ould not do, contemplate the output of)-.1 E F1(arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow ")
-.18 H -.1(ow).1 G(!").1 E F0(:)A .4 LW 306 337.2 270 337.2 DL 306 337.2
MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 306 337.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST
-.25(ow)280.35 339.4 S(!).25 E(Figure 3-3: T)212.46 360.2 Q -.15(ex)-.7
G 2.5(tc).15 G(entered on an arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E .514
(When a command tak)97 387.8 R .514(es one te)-.1 F .514(xt string,)-.15
F F1(pic)3.014 E F0 .514(tries to place it at the object')3.014 F 3.014
(sg)-.55 G .514(eometric center)-3.014 F 5.513(.A)-.55 G 3.013(sy)-5.513
G(ou)-3.013 E(add more strings,)72 399.8 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(treats them as a v)2.5 E(ertical block to be centered.)-.15 E
(The program)5 E F2(line "1";)108 417.8 Q(line "1" "2";)108 429.8 Q
(line "1" "2" "3";)108 441.8 Q(line "1" "2" "3" "4";)108 453.8 Q
(line "1" "2" "3" "4" "5";)108 465.8 Q F0(for e)72 487.4 Q(xample, gi)
-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou this:)-2.5 E 234 529.4 198 529.4
DL(1)213.5 531.6 Q 270 529.4 234 529.4 DL(1)249.5 525.6 Q(2)249.5 537.6
Q 306 529.4 270 529.4 DL(1)285.5 519.6 Q(2)285.5 531.6 Q(3)285.5 543.6 Q
342 529.4 306 529.4 DL(1)321.5 513.6 Q(2)321.5 525.6 Q(3)321.5 537.6 Q
(4)321.5 549.6 Q 378 529.4 342 529.4 DL(1)357.5 507.6 Q(2)357.5 519.6 Q
(3)357.5 531.6 Q(4)357.5 543.6 Q(5)357.5 555.6 Q(Figure 3-4: Ef)196.355
576.4 Q(fects of multiple te)-.25 E(xt ar)-.15 E(guments)-.18 E .128
(The last line of Figure 3.2')97 604 R 2.628(sp)-.55 G .128(rogram, `)
-2.628 F F1(ar)A .128(c; do)-.18 F .128(wn; mo)-.1 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.628
(;").1 G(ar)-2.628 E(c")-.18 E F0 .128
(', describing the captioned arc, intro-)B .558(duces se)72 616 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G .558(ral ne).15 F 3.058(wi)-.25 G 3.058(deas. Firstly)-3.058
F 3.057(,w)-.65 G 3.057(es)-3.057 G .557(ee ho)-3.057 F 3.057(wt)-.25 G
3.057(oc)-3.057 G .557(hange the direction in which objects are joined.)
-3.057 F .557(Had we)5.557 F(written)72 628 Q F1(ar)3.577 E 1.077(c; mo)
-.18 F -.1(ve)-.1 G 3.577(;").1 G(ar)-3.577 E(c")-.18 E F0 3.577(,o)C
(mitting)-3.577 E F1(do)3.577 E(wn)-.1 E F0 1.077(the caption w)3.577 F
1.077(ould ha)-.1 F 1.377 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.077
(een joined to the top of the arc, lik).15 F(e)-.1 E(this:)72 640 Q EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)282.17 48 Q .4 LW 279 120 18 90.0000 0.0000
DA(arc)290.895 86.2 Q(Figure 3-5: Result of)222.23 161 Q/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(c; mo)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0 .129
(This is because dra)97 188.6 R .129(wing an arc changes the def)-.15 F
.128(ault direction to the one its e)-.1 F .128(xit end points at.)-.15
F 1.728 -.8(To r)5.128 H(ein-).8 E(force this point, consider:)72 200.6
Q 279 236.6 18 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA(arc)290.895 274.8 Q
(Figure 3-6: Result of)215.15 295.6 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; mo)
-2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(;).1 E F0 1.439(All we')97 323.2 R 1.739 -.15(ve d)
-.5 H 1.439(one dif).15 F 1.439
(ferently here is specify "cw" for a clockwise arc.)-.25 F(Observ)6.44 E
3.94(eh)-.15 G 1.94 -.25(ow i)-3.94 H 3.94(tc).25 G 1.44(hanges the)
-3.94 F(def)72 335.2 Q(ault direction to do)-.1 E(wn, rather than up.)
-.25 E(Another good w)97 350.8 Q(ay to see this via with the follo)-.1 E
(wing program:)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(line; arc; arc cw; line)108
368.8 Q F0(which yields:)72 390.4 Q 270 444.4 234 444.4 DL 270 426.4 18
90.0000 0.0000 DA 306 426.4 18 -90.0000 180.0000 DA 342 408.4 306 408.4
DL(Figure 3-7: Result of)199.86 467.4 Q F1(line; ar)2.5 E(c; ar)-.18 E
2.5(cc)-.18 G(w; line)-2.5 E F0(Notice that we did not ha)72 495 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.5(os).15 G
(pecify "up" for the second arc to be joined to the end of the \214rst.)
-2.5 E(Finally)97 510.6 Q 3.206(,o)-.65 G(bserv)-3.206 E 3.206(et)-.15 G
.705(hat a string, alone, is treated as te)-3.206 F .705
(xt to be surrounded by an in)-.15 F .705(visible box of a size)-.4 F
.22(either speci\214ed by width and height attrib)72 522.6 R .221
(utes or by the def)-.2 F(aults)-.1 E F1(textwid)2.721 E F0(and)2.721 E
F1(textht)2.721 E F0 5.221(.B)C .221(oth are initially zero)-5.221 F
(\(because we don')72 534.6 Q 2.5(tk)-.18 G(no)-2.5 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G
(he def)-2.5 E(ault font size\).)-.1 E F1 2.5(4. Sizes)72 558.6 R
(and Spacing)2.5 E F0 .252(Sizes are speci\214ed in inches.)97 574.2 R
.251(If you don')5.251 F 2.751(tl)-.18 G(ik)-2.751 E 2.751(ei)-.1 G .251
(nches, it')-2.751 F 2.751(sp)-.55 G .251
(ossible to set a global style v)-2.751 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(scale)2.751
E F0 .314(that changes the unit.)72 586.2 R(Setting)5.314 E F1 .314
(scale = 2.54)2.814 F F0 .314(will ef)2.814 F(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25
G .314(ly change the internal unit to centimeters \(all other).15 F
(size v)72 598.2 Q(ariable v)-.25 E
(aluess will be scaled correspondingly\).)-.25 E F1(4.1.)72 622.2 Q F0
(Here are the def)97 637.8 Q(ault sizes for)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0
(objects:)2.5 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 12.5
(Object Default)97 84 R(Size)2.5 E .08 LW 236.26 90.5 97 90.5 DL F0
26.38(box 0.75")97 102 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5 E 19.17(circle 0.5")97
114 R(diameter)2.5 E 15.27(ellipse 0.75")97 126 R(wide by 0.5" high)2.5
E 29.17(arc 0.5")97 138 R(radius)2.5 E 26.38(line 0.5")97 150 R(long)2.5
E(arro)97 162 Q 20.81(w0)-.25 G(.5" long)-20.81 E 236.26 171.5 97 171.5
DL 133.38 72.5 133.38 171.5 DL .076(The simplest w)97 190.6 R .076
(ay to think about these def)-.1 F .076(aults is that the)-.1 F 2.575
(ym)-.15 G(ak)-2.575 E 2.575(et)-.1 G .075
(he other basic objects \214t snugly into)-2.575 F 2.5(ad)72 202.6 S(ef)
-2.5 E(ault-sized box.)-.1 E F1 2.5(4.2. Objects)72 226.6 R(Do Not Str)
2.5 E(etch!)-.18 E F0 -1.25 -.7(Te x)97 242.2 T 2.711(ti).7 G 2.711(sr)
-2.711 G .211(endered in the current font with normal trof)-2.711 F
2.711(fl)-.25 G .211(ine spacing.)-2.711 F(Box)5.211 E .211
(es, circles, and ellipses do)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(not)2.712 E
F0(automatically resize to \214t enclosed te)72 254.2 Q 2.5(xt. Thus,)
-.15 F(if you say)2.5 E F1(box "text far too long")2.5 E F0(you')2.5 E
(ll get this:)-.1 E 315 308.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL .4 LW ST
(this te)208.6 292.4 Q(xt is f)-.15 E(ar too long for a def)-.1 E
(ault box)-.1 E(Figure 4-1: Box)196.695 331.2 Q
(es do not automatically resize)-.15 E(which is probably not the ef)97
358.8 Q(fect you w)-.25 E(ant.)-.1 E F1 2.5(4.3. Resizing)72 382.8 R
(Boxes)2.5 E F0 1.6 -.8(To c)97 398.4 T(hange the box size, you can spe\
cify a box width with the "width" modi\214er:).8 E 396 452.4 MT 0 -36 RL
-216 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(this te)208.6 436.6 Q(xt is f)-.15 E
(ar too long for a def)-.1 E(ault box)-.1 E(Figure 4-2: Result of)219.94
475.4 Q F1(box width 3)2.5 E F0 .316(This modi\214er tak)97 503 R .316
(es a dimension in inches.)-.1 F .315
(There is also a "height" modi\214er that will change a box')5.315 F(s)
-.55 E 2.5(height. The)72 515 R F1(width)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E
(ord may be abbre)-.1 E(viated to)-.25 E F1(ewid)2.5 E F0 2.5(;t)C(he)
-2.5 E F1(height)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord to)-.1 E F1(height)
2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(4.4. Resizing)72 539 R(Other Object T)2.5 E(ypes)
-.74 E F0 2.083 -.8(To c)97 554.6 T .483(hange the size of a circle, gi)
.8 F .783 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.983(ta).15 G F1(rad)A F0(or)2.983 E F1
(diam)2.983 E F0 .483
(modi\214er; this changes the radius or diameter of)2.983 F
(the circle, according to the numeric ar)72 566.6 Q(gument that follo)
-.18 E(ws.)-.25 E 223.2 606.2 7.2 DC ST(0.1)216.95 630 Q 266.4 606.2
14.4 DC ST(0.2)260.15 608.4 Q 338.4 606.2 21.6 DC ST(0.3)332.15 608.4 Q
(Figure 4-3: Circles with increasing radii)207.87 650.8 Q(The)97 678.4 Q
F1(mo)3.271 E -.1(ve)-.1 G F0 .771(command can also tak)3.371 F 3.271
(ead)-.1 G .771(imension, which just tells it ho)-3.271 F 3.27(wm)-.25 G
(an)-3.27 E 3.27(yi)-.15 G .77(nches to mo)-3.27 F 1.07 -.15(ve i)-.15 H
3.27(nt).15 G(he)-3.27 E(current direction.)72 690.4 Q .848(Ellipses ar\
e sized to \214t in the rectangular box de\214ned by their ax)97 706 R
.849(es, and can be resized with)-.15 F F1(width)3.349 E F0(and)72 718 Q
F1(height)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E 2.5(eb)-.1 G(ox)-2.5 E(es.)-.15 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)282.17 48 Q -1.1(Yo)97 84 S 2.854(uc)1.1 G
.353(an also change the radius of curv)-2.854 F .353
(ature of an arc with)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(rad)2.853 E F0 .353
(\(which speci\214es the radius of the cir)2.853 F(-)-.2 E
(cle of which the arc is a se)72 96 Q 2.5(gnmment\). Lar)-.15 F(ger v)
-.18 E(alues yield \215atter arcs.)-.25 E .4 LW 241.2 128.4 7.2 90.0000
0.0000 DA(0.1)234.95 152.2 Q 277.2 121.2 14.4 90.0000 0.0000 DA(0.2)
270.95 152.2 Q 313.2 114 21.6 90.0000 0.0000 DA(0.3)306.95 152.2 Q
(Figure 4-4:)206.435 173 Q F1(ar)2.5 E 2.5(cr)-.18 G(ad)-2.5 E F0
(with increasing radii)2.5 E(Observ)97 200.6 Q 2.666(et)-.15 G .166(hat\
 because an arc is de\214ned as a quarter circle, increasing the radius\
 also increases the size)-2.666 F(of the arc')72 212.6 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
(ounding box.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(4.5. The)72 236.6 R(`same' K)2.5 E(eyw)-.25
E(ord)-.1 E F0 .231
(In place of a dimension speci\214cation, you can use the k)97 252.2 R
-.15(ey)-.1 G -.1(wo).15 G(rd).1 E F1(same)2.731 E F0 5.231(.T)C .231
(his gi)-5.231 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(st).15 G .231(he object the same)
-2.731 F(size as the pre)72 264.2 Q(vious one of its type.)-.25 E
(As an e)5 E(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 282.2
Q(box; box wid 1 ht 1; box same; box)108 294.2 Q(.PE)108 306.2 Q F0(gi)
72 327.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G(ou)-2.5 E 216 399.8 MT 0 -36 RL
-54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 288 417.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 360
417.8 MT 0 -72 RL -72 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 414 399.8 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL
0 36 RL CL ST(Figure 4-5: The)225.965 440.8 Q F1(same)2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(yw)-.05 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.5(5. Generalized)72 488.8 R
(Lines and Splines)2.5 E 2.5(5.1. Diagonal)72 512.8 R(Lines)2.5 E F0
.466(It is possible to specify diagonal lines or arro)97 528.4 R .466
(ws by adding multiple)-.25 F F1(up)2.966 E F0(,)A F1(do)2.966 E(wn)-.1
E F0(,)A F1(left)2.966 E F0 2.966(,a)C(nd)-2.966 E F1(right)2.966 E F0
(modi-)2.966 E .374(\214ers to the line object.)72 540.4 R(An)5.374 E
2.874(yo)-.15 G 2.874(ft)-2.874 G .374(hese can ha)-2.874 F .674 -.15
(ve a m)-.2 H(ultiplier).15 E 5.374(.T)-.55 G 2.874(ou)-6.174 G .373
(nderstand the ef)-2.874 F .373(fects, think of the dra)-.25 F(wing)-.15
E(area as being gridded with standard-sized box)72 552.4 Q(es.)-.15 E 72
570.4 108 606.4 DL 72 570.4 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL BL 72
570.4 MT 6.336 3.816 RL -2.52 2.52 RL CL ST 72 606.4 72 606.4 DL 75.6
606.4 75.6 606.4 DL 79.2 606.4 79.2 606.4 DL 82.8 606.4 82.8 606.4 DL
86.4 606.4 86.4 606.4 DL 90 606.4 90 606.4 DL 93.6 606.4 93.6 606.4 DL
97.2 606.4 97.2 606.4 DL 100.8 606.4 100.8 606.4 DL 104.4 606.4 104.4
606.4 DL 108 606.4 108 606.4 DL 108 606.4 108 606.4 DL 108 602.8 108
602.8 DL 108 599.2 108 599.2 DL 108 595.6 108 595.6 DL 108 592 108 592
DL 108 588.4 108 588.4 DL 108 584.8 108 584.8 DL 108 581.2 108 581.2 DL
108 577.6 108 577.6 DL 108 574 108 574 DL 108 570.4 108 570.4 DL 108
570.4 108 570.4 DL 104.4 570.4 104.4 570.4 DL 100.8 570.4 100.8 570.4 DL
97.2 570.4 97.2 570.4 DL 93.6 570.4 93.6 570.4 DL 90 570.4 90 570.4 DL
86.4 570.4 86.4 570.4 DL 82.8 570.4 82.8 570.4 DL 79.2 570.4 79.2 570.4
DL 75.6 570.4 75.6 570.4 DL 72 570.4 72 570.4 DL 72 570.4 72 570.4 DL 72
574 72 574 DL 72 577.6 72 577.6 DL 72 581.2 72 581.2 DL 72 584.8 72
584.8 DL 72 588.4 72 588.4 DL 72 592 72 592 DL 72 595.6 72 595.6 DL 72
599.2 72 599.2 DL 72 602.8 72 602.8 DL 72 606.4 72 606.4 DL F1
(line up left)67.22 626.6 Q 144 570.4 216 606.4 DL 144 570.4 MT 7.272
1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL CL BL 144 570.4 MT 7.272 1.584 RL -1.584 3.24 RL
CL ST 144 606.4 144 606.4 DL 147.6 606.4 147.6 606.4 DL 151.2 606.4
151.2 606.4 DL 154.8 606.4 154.8 606.4 DL 158.4 606.4 158.4 606.4 DL 162
606.4 162 606.4 DL 165.6 606.4 165.6 606.4 DL 169.2 606.4 169.2 606.4 DL
172.8 606.4 172.8 606.4 DL 176.4 606.4 176.4 606.4 DL 180 606.4 180
606.4 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL 180 602.8 180 602.8 DL 180 599.2 180
599.2 DL 180 595.6 180 595.6 DL 180 592 180 592 DL 180 588.4 180 588.4
DL 180 584.8 180 584.8 DL 180 581.2 180 581.2 DL 180 577.6 180 577.6 DL
180 574 180 574 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 176.4
570.4 176.4 570.4 DL 172.8 570.4 172.8 570.4 DL 169.2 570.4 169.2 570.4
DL 165.6 570.4 165.6 570.4 DL 162 570.4 162 570.4 DL 158.4 570.4 158.4
570.4 DL 154.8 570.4 154.8 570.4 DL 151.2 570.4 151.2 570.4 DL 147.6
570.4 147.6 570.4 DL 144 570.4 144 570.4 DL 144 570.4 144 570.4 DL 144
574 144 574 DL 144 577.6 144 577.6 DL 144 581.2 144 581.2 DL 144 584.8
144 584.8 DL 144 588.4 144 588.4 DL 144 592 144 592 DL 144 595.6 144
595.6 DL 144 599.2 144 599.2 DL 144 602.8 144 602.8 DL 144 606.4 144
606.4 DL 180 606.4 180 606.4 DL 183.6 606.4 183.6 606.4 DL 187.2 606.4
187.2 606.4 DL 190.8 606.4 190.8 606.4 DL 194.4 606.4 194.4 606.4 DL 198
606.4 198 606.4 DL 201.6 606.4 201.6 606.4 DL 205.2 606.4 205.2 606.4 DL
208.8 606.4 208.8 606.4 DL 212.4 606.4 212.4 606.4 DL 216 606.4 216
606.4 DL 216 606.4 216 606.4 DL 216 602.8 216 602.8 DL 216 599.2 216
599.2 DL 216 595.6 216 595.6 DL 216 592 216 592 DL 216 588.4 216 588.4
DL 216 584.8 216 584.8 DL 216 581.2 216 581.2 DL 216 577.6 216 577.6 DL
216 574 216 574 DL 216 570.4 216 570.4 DL 216 570.4 216 570.4 DL 212.4
570.4 212.4 570.4 DL 208.8 570.4 208.8 570.4 DL 205.2 570.4 205.2 570.4
DL 201.6 570.4 201.6 570.4 DL 198 570.4 198 570.4 DL 194.4 570.4 194.4
570.4 DL 190.8 570.4 190.8 570.4 DL 187.2 570.4 187.2 570.4 DL 183.6
570.4 183.6 570.4 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 180 570.4 180 570.4 DL 180
574 180 574 DL 180 577.6 180 577.6 DL 180 581.2 180 581.2 DL 180 584.8
180 584.8 DL 180 588.4 180 588.4 DL 180 592 180 592 DL 180 595.6 180
595.6 DL 180 599.2 180 599.2 DL 180 602.8 180 602.8 DL 180 606.4 180
606.4 DL(arr)148.34 626.6 Q .2 -.1(ow u)-.18 H 2.5(pl).1 G(eft 1)-2.5 E
252 570.4 360 606.4 DL 252 570.4 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL BL
252 570.4 MT 7.416 .576 RL -1.152 3.384 RL CL ST 252 606.4 252 606.4 DL
255.6 606.4 255.6 606.4 DL 259.2 606.4 259.2 606.4 DL 262.8 606.4 262.8
606.4 DL 266.4 606.4 266.4 606.4 DL 270 606.4 270 606.4 DL 273.6 606.4
273.6 606.4 DL 277.2 606.4 277.2 606.4 DL 280.8 606.4 280.8 606.4 DL
284.4 606.4 284.4 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL
288 602.8 288 602.8 DL 288 599.2 288 599.2 DL 288 595.6 288 595.6 DL 288
592 288 592 DL 288 588.4 288 588.4 DL 288 584.8 288 584.8 DL 288 581.2
288 581.2 DL 288 577.6 288 577.6 DL 288 574 288 574 DL 288 570.4 288
570.4 DL 288 570.4 288 570.4 DL 284.4 570.4 284.4 570.4 DL 280.8 570.4
280.8 570.4 DL 277.2 570.4 277.2 570.4 DL 273.6 570.4 273.6 570.4 DL 270
570.4 270 570.4 DL 266.4 570.4 266.4 570.4 DL 262.8 570.4 262.8 570.4 DL
259.2 570.4 259.2 570.4 DL 255.6 570.4 255.6 570.4 DL 252 570.4 252
570.4 DL 252 570.4 252 570.4 DL 252 574 252 574 DL 252 577.6 252 577.6
DL 252 581.2 252 581.2 DL 252 584.8 252 584.8 DL 252 588.4 252 588.4 DL
252 592 252 592 DL 252 595.6 252 595.6 DL 252 599.2 252 599.2 DL 252
602.8 252 602.8 DL 252 606.4 252 606.4 DL 288 606.4 288 606.4 DL 291.6
606.4 291.6 606.4 DL 295.2 606.4 295.2 606.4 DL 298.8 606.4 298.8 606.4
DL 302.4 606.4 302.4 606.4 DL 306 606.4 306 606.4 DL 309.6 606.4 309.6
606.4 DL 313.2 606.4 313.2 606.4 DL 316.8 606.4 316.8 606.4 DL 320.4
606.4 320.4 606.4 DL 324 606.4 324 606.4 DL 324 606.4 324 606.4 DL 324
602.8 324 602.8 DL 324 599.2 324 599.2 DL 324 595.6 324 595.6 DL 324 592
324 592 DL 324 588.4 324 588.4 DL 324 584.8 324 584.8 DL 324 581.2 324
581.2 DL 324 577.6 324 577.6 DL 324 574 324 574 DL 324 570.4 324 570.4
DL 324 570.4 324 570.4 DL 320.4 570.4 320.4 570.4 DL 316.8 570.4 316.8
570.4 DL 313.2 570.4 313.2 570.4 DL 309.6 570.4 309.6 570.4 DL 306 570.4
306 570.4 DL 302.4 570.4 302.4 570.4 DL 298.8 570.4 298.8 570.4 DL 295.2
570.4 295.2 570.4 DL 291.6 570.4 291.6 570.4 DL 288 570.4 288 570.4 DL
288 570.4 288 570.4 DL 288 574 288 574 DL 288 577.6 288 577.6 DL 288
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288 592 DL 288 595.6 288 595.6 DL 288 599.2 288 599.2 DL 288 602.8 288
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324 592 DL 324 595.6 324 595.6 DL 324 599.2 324 599.2 DL 324 602.8 324
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(w" object may actually be a path consisting of an)-.25 F 3.228(yn)-.15
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362.808 224.6 359.208 224.6 DL 370.368 224.6 366.768 224.6 DL 378 224.6
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262.8 Q(...with tangents displayed)291.03 277.2 Q(Figure 5-3:)169.575
298 Q F1(spline right 1 then do)2.5 E(wn .5 left 1 then right 1)-.1 E F0
-1.1(Yo)97 325.6 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an describe man)-2.5 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G
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383.616 375.136 MT -18 0 RL -12 0 -12 -6 0 -18 RC 12 -12 24 -12 36 0 RC
18 18 RL ST 419.616 375.136 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL BL
419.616 375.136 MT -6.336 -3.816 RL 2.52 -2.52 RL CL ST F0
(Figure 5-4: T)210.895 412.464 Q .2 -.1(wo m)-.8 H(ore spline e).1 E
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(can change the line style of an object from solid to)3.899 F 3.755
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117 609.264 DL 127.8 609.264 124.2 609.264 DL 135 609.264 131.4 609.264
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573.264 DL 117 573.264 120.6 573.264 DL 109.8 573.264 113.4 573.264 DL
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189 609.264 185.4 609.264 DL 196.2 609.264 192.6 609.264 DL 203.4
609.264 199.8 609.264 DL 210.6 609.264 207 609.264 DL 217.8 609.264
214.2 609.264 DL 225 609.264 221.4 609.264 DL 225 605.664 225 609.264 DL
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573.264 DL 199.8 573.264 203.4 573.264 DL 192.6 573.264 196.2 573.264 DL
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573.264 DL 261 594.864 261 587.664 DL 261 609.264 261 602.064 DL(0.1)
281.75 593.464 Q 361.8 609.264 351 609.264 DL 383.4 609.264 372.6
609.264 DL 405 609.264 394.2 609.264 DL 405 598.464 405 609.264 DL 405
573.264 405 584.064 DL 394.2 573.264 405 573.264 DL 372.6 573.264 383.4
573.264 DL 351 573.264 361.8 573.264 DL 351 584.064 351 573.264 DL 351
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668.264 R(Objects)2.5 E F0 .192(Another a)97 683.864 R -.25(va)-.2 G
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(ode only\); some v)-3.002 F .503(ersions of D)-.15 F .503
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EP
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120 189 120 DL 192.6 120 192.6 120 DL 196.2 120 196.2 120 DL 199.8 120
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120 DL 214.2 120 214.2 120 DL 217.8 120 217.8 120 DL 221.4 120 221.4 120
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120 DL 405 120 405 120 DL 405 107.976 405 107.976 DL 405 96.024 405
96.024 DL 405 84 405 84 DL 405 84 405 84 DL 394.2 84 394.2 84 DL 383.4
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454.536 120 DL 468 120 468 120 DL 481.536 120 481.536 120 DL 495 120 495
120 DL 495 120 495 120 DL 495 107.976 495 107.976 DL 495 96.024 495
96.024 DL 495 84 495 84 DL 495 84 495 84 DL 481.536 84 481.536 84 DL 468
84 468 84 DL 454.536 84 454.536 84 DL 441 84 441 84 DL 441 84 441 84 DL
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84.6 245 3.6 -180.0000 90.0000 DA 84.6 216.2 3.6 -90.0000 180.0000 DA
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(cle)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(ellipse)3.042 E F0(,)A F2(line)3.042 E F0(,)A F2
(arr)3.041 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0(,).1 E F2(spline)3.041 E F0(or)3.041 E F2
([])3.041 E F0 .541(\(the last type refers to a)3.041 F/F3 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF .226(composite object)72 553.4 R F0 .227(which we')
2.726 F .227(ll discuss later\).)-.1 F .227(So, for e)5.227 F .227
(xample, the)-.15 F F2 .227(last cir)2.727 F(cle)-.18 E F0 .227
(clause in the program attached)2.727 F
(to Figure 9.1.3 refers to the last circle dra)72 565.4 Q(wn.)-.15 E
.769(More generally)97 581 R 3.269(,o)-.65 G .768(bjects of a gi)-3.269
F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.268(nt).15 G .768
(ype are implicitly numbered \(starting from 1\).)-3.268 F -1.1(Yo)5.768
G 3.268(uc)1.1 G .768(an refer to)-3.268 F .076
(\(say\) the third ellipse in the current picture with)72 593 R F2 .076
(3rd ellipse)2.576 F F0 2.576(,o)C 2.576(rt)-2.576 G 2.576(ot)-2.576 G
.076(he \214rst box as)-2.576 F F2 .076(1st box)2.576 F F0 2.576(,o)C
2.576(rt)-2.576 G 2.576(ot)-2.576 G .077(he \214fth line)-2.576 F(as)72
605 Q F2(5th line)2.5 E F0(.)A .655(Objects are also numbered backw)97
620.6 R .654(ards by type from the last one of Y)-.1 F .654(ou can say)
-1.1 F F2 .654(2nd last box)3.154 F F0 .654(to get)3.154 F
(the second-to-last box, or)72 632.6 Q F2(3rd last ellipse)2.5 E F0
(to get the third-to-last box.)2.5 E .385(In places where)97 648.2 R F3
(n)2.885 E F2(th)A F3 .386(is allowed,)2.885 F F2(`)2.886 E F3 -.2(ex)C
(pr).2 E F2('th)A F3 .386(is also allowed.)2.886 F .386(Note that)5.386
F F2('th)2.886 E F3 .386(is a single tok)2.886 F .386(en: no space is)
-.1 F(allowed between the)72 660.2 Q F2(')2.5 E F3(and the)2.5 E F2(th)
2.5 E F3 5(.F)C(or e)-6.05 E(xample)-.2 E(,)-.1 E F0
(for i = 1 to 4 do {)133 681.8 Q(line from `i')140.5 693.8 Q
(th box.nw to `i+1')-.18 E(th box.se)-.18 E(})133 705.8 Q EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-12-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(9.2. Naming)72 84 R(Objects W)2.5 E(ith Labels)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97
99.6 S 3.338(uc)1.1 G .838
(an also specify an object by referring to a label.)-3.338 F 3.338(Al)
5.838 G .838(abel is a w)-3.338 F .838(ord \(which must be)-.1 F .838
(gin with a)-.15 F .26(capital letter\) follo)72 111.6 R .26(wed by a c\
olon; you declare it by placing it immediately before the object dra)
-.25 F .26(wing com-)-.15 F 2.5(mand. F)72 123.6 R(or e)-.15 E
(xample, the program)-.15 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 141.6 Q
(A: box "first" "object")108 153.6 Q(move;)108 165.6 Q
(B: ellipse "second" "object")108 177.6 Q(move;)108 189.6 Q
(arrow left at A;)108 201.6 Q(.PE)108 213.6 Q F0(declares labels)72
235.2 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(B)2.5 E F0
(for its \214rst and second objects.)2.5 E(Here')5 E 2.5(sw)-.55 G
(hat that looks lik)-2.5 E(e:)-.1 E 270 289.2 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36
RL CL .4 LW ST(\214rst)235.22 267.4 Q(object)230.78 279.4 Q 54 36 333
271.2 DE ST(second)319.115 267.4 Q(object)320.78 279.4 Q 180 271.2 216
271.2 DL 180 271.2 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 180 271.2 MT 7.2 -1.8
RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST(Figure 9-1: Example of label use)222.315 312.2 Q(The)
72 336.2 Q F1(at)3.35 E F0 .85
(statement in the fourth line uses the label)3.35 F F1(A)3.35 E F0 .85
(\(the beha)3.35 F .85(vior of)-.2 F F1(at)3.35 E F0 .85(will be e)3.35
F .85(xplained in the ne)-.15 F .85(xt sec-)-.15 F 2.5(tion\). W)72
348.2 R(e')-.8 E(ll see later on that labels are most useful for referr\
ing to block composite objects.)-.1 E 1.224(Labels are not constants b)
97 363.8 R 1.224(ut v)-.2 F 1.225(ariables \(you can vie)-.25 F 3.725
(wc)-.25 G 1.225(olon as a sort of assignment\).)-3.725 F -1.1(Yo)6.225
G 3.725(uc)1.1 G 1.225(an say)-3.725 F .452(something lik)72 375.8 R(e)
-.1 E F1 .452(A: A + \(1,0\);)2.952 F F0 .452(and the ef)2.952 F .452
(fect will be to reassign the label)-.25 F F1(A)2.952 E F0 .452
(to designate a position one inch)2.952 F(to the right of its old v)72
387.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E F1 2.5(10. Describing)72 411.8 R(locations)2.5 E F0
.376(The location of points can be described in man)97 427.4 R 2.877(yd)
-.15 G(if)-2.877 E .377(ferent w)-.25 F 2.877(ays. All)-.1 F .377
(these forms are interchangeable)2.877 F .581(as for as the)72 439.4 R
F1(pic)3.081 E F0 .581
(language syntax is concerned; where you can use one, an)3.081 F 3.08
(yo)-.15 G 3.08(ft)-3.08 G .58(he others that w)-3.08 F .58(ould mak)-.1
F(e)-.1 E(semantic sense are allo)72 451.4 Q(wed.)-.25 E
(The special label)97 467 Q F1(Her)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F0(al)2.5 E -.1(wa)-.1
G(ys refers to the current position.).1 E F1 2.5(10.1. Absolute)72 491 R
(Coordinates)2.5 E F0 .853
(The simplest is absolute coordinates in inches;)97 506.6 R F1(pic)3.353
E F0 .854(uses a Cartesian system with \(0, 0\) at the lo)3.353 F(wer)
-.25 E .593(left corner of the virtual dra)72 518.6 R .593(wing surf)
-.15 F .592(ace for each picture \(that is, X increases to the right an\
d Y increases)-.1 F(upw)72 530.6 Q 3.232(ards\). An)-.1 F .732
(absolute location may al)3.232 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .732
(ys be written in the con).1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .732(ntional form as tw).15
F 3.233(oc)-.1 G(omma-separated)-3.233 E .539(numbers surrounded by par\
entheses \(and this is recommended for clarity\).)72 542.6 R .538
(In conte)5.539 F .538(xts where it creates no)-.15 F(ambiguity)72 554.6
Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he pair of X and Y coordinates suf)-2.5 E
(\214ces without punctuation.)-.25 E .034(It is a good idea to a)97
570.2 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .034(id absolute coordinates, ho).2 F(we)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634 -.55(r. T).15 H(he).55 E 2.535(yt)-.15 G .035
(end to mak)-2.535 F 2.535(ep)-.1 G .035(icture descriptions dif)-2.535
F<8c2d>-.25 E .133(cult to understand and modify)72 582.2 R 5.133(.I)
-.65 G .133(nstead, there are quite a number of w)-5.133 F .133
(ays to specify locations relati)-.1 F .432 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(o).15 E F1
(pic)2.632 E F0(objects and pre)72 594.2 Q(vious locations.)-.25 E F1
2.5(10.2. Locations)72 621.8 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1
G(bjects)-2.5 E F0 .73(The symbol)97 637.4 R F1(her)3.23 E(e)-.18 E F0
(al)3.23 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .73
(ys refers to the position of the last object dra).1 F .73
(wn or the destination of the last)-.15 F F1(mo)72 649.4 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G
F0(.).1 E 1.113(Alone and unquali\214ed, a)97 665 R F1 1.113(last cir)
3.613 F(cle)-.18 E F0 1.113(or an)3.613 F 3.613(yo)-.15 G 1.112(ther w)
-3.613 F 1.112(ay of specifying a closed-object or arc location)-.1 F
.752(refers as a position to the geometric center of the object.)72 677
R .753(Unquali\214ed, the name of a line or spline object)5.753 F
(refers to the position of the object start.)72 689 Q(Also,)97 704.6 Q
F1(pic)3.016 E F0 .516(objects ha)3.016 F .816 -.15(ve q)-.2 H .516
(uite a fe).15 F 3.016(wn)-.25 G .516
(amed locations associated with them.)-3.016 F .516
(One of these is the object)5.516 F(center)72 716.6 Q 2.77(,w)-.4 G .27
(hich can be indicated \(redundantly\) with the suf)-2.77 F<8c78>-.25 E
F1(.center)2.771 E F0 .271(\(or just)2.771 F F1(.c)2.771 E F0 2.771
(\). Thus,)B F1 .271(last cir)2.771 F .271(cle .center)-.18 F F0(is)
2.771 E(equi)72 728.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(last cir)2.5 E
(cle)-.18 E F0(.)A EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-13-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(10.2.1. Locations)72 84 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oC).1 G
(losed Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 99.6 Q .931(ery closed object \(box, cir\
cle, ellipse, or block composite\) also has eight compass points associ\
-)-.15 F(ated with it;)72 111.6 Q 213.12 203.04 MT 0 -72 RL -108 0 RL 0
72 RL CL .4 LW ST 159.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 159.12 167.04 1.44 DC
ST F1(.c)161.62 169.24 Q 159.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 159.12 131.04
1.44 DC ST(.n)155.09 127.24 Q 213.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 213.12
131.04 1.44 DC ST(.ne)208.12 127.24 Q 213.12 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
213.12 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)215.62 169.24 Q 213.12 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000
FL 213.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.se)208.955 211.24 Q 159.12 203.04 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 159.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)155.925 211.24 Q 105.12 203.04
1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.sw)97.065 211.24 Q 105.12
167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.w)92.9 169.24 Q
105.12 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 105.12 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.nw)96.23
127.24 Q 288 167.04 36 DC ST 288 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 288 167.04
1.44 DC ST(.c)290.5 169.24 Q 288 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 288 131.04
1.44 DC ST(.n)283.97 127.24 Q 313.488 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 313.488
141.552 1.44 DC ST(.ne)308.488 137.752 Q 324 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
324 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)326.5 169.24 Q 313.488 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000
FL 313.488 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.se)309.323 200.728 Q 288 203.04 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 288 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)284.805 211.24 Q 262.512 192.528 1.44
DC 0.5000 FL 262.512 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.sw)254.457 200.728 Q 252 167.04
1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 252 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.w)239.78 169.24 Q 262.512
141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 262.512 141.552 1.44 DC ST(.nw)253.622 137.752
Q 108 72 416.88 167.04 DE ST 416.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 416.88
167.04 1.44 DC ST(.c)419.38 169.24 Q 416.88 131.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
416.88 131.04 1.44 DC ST(.n)412.85 127.24 Q 455.04 141.552 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 455.04 141.552 1.44 DC ST(.ne)450.04 137.752 Q 470.88 167.04
1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 470.88 167.04 1.44 DC ST(.e)473.38 169.24 Q 455.04
192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 455.04 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.se)450.875 200.728
Q 416.88 203.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 416.88 203.04 1.44 DC ST(.s)413.685
211.24 Q 378.72 192.528 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 378.72 192.528 1.44 DC ST(.sw)
370.665 200.728 Q 362.88 167.04 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 362.88 167.04 1.44 DC
ST(.w)350.66 169.24 Q 378.72 141.552 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 378.72 141.552
1.44 DC ST(.nw)369.83 137.752 Q F0(Figure 10-1: Compass points)230.08
227.48 Q .588(these are the locations where eight compass rays from the\
 geometric center w)72 255.08 R .588(ould intersect the \214gure.)-.1 F
(So)5.589 E .421(when we say)72 267.08 R F1 .421(last cir)2.921 F .421
(cle .s)-.18 F F0 .421
(we are referring to the south compass point of the last circle dra)
2.921 F 2.921(wn. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.921 G(pla-).15 E
(nation of Figure 7.3')72 279.08 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G(rogram is no)-2.5 E 2.5
(wc)-.25 G(omplete.)-2.5 E .135(\(In case you dislik)97 294.68 R 2.635
(ec)-.1 G .135(ompass points, the names)-2.635 F F1(.top)2.635 E F0(,)A
F1(.bottom)2.635 E F0(,)A F1(.left)2.635 E F0(and)2.635 E F1(.right)
2.635 E F0 .136(are synon)2.636 F .136(yms for)-.15 F F1(.n)2.636 E F0
(,)A F1(.s)2.636 E F0(,)A F1(.e)72 306.68 Q F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(.w)
2.5 E F0(respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly; the).15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an e)
-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nb).15 G 2.5(ea)-2.5 G(bbre)-2.5 E(viated to)
-.25 E F1(.t)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.b)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(.l)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1
(.r)2.5 E F0(\).)A .44(The names)97 322.28 R F1(center)2.94 E F0(,)A F1
(top)2.94 E F0(,)A F1(bottom)2.94 E F0(,)A F1(left)2.94 E F0(and)2.94 E
F1(right)2.94 E F0 .439
(can also be used \(without the leading dot\) in a pre\214x)2.94 F 1.131
(form mark)72 334.28 R 1.131(ed by)-.1 F F1(of)3.631 E F0 3.631(;t)C
(hus,)-3.631 E F1 1.131(center of last cir)3.631 F 1.132
(cle and top of 2nd last ellipse ar)-.18 F 3.632(eb)-.18 G 1.132(oth v)
-3.632 F 1.132(alid object r)-.1 F(efer)-.18 E(-)-.37 E(ences.)72 346.28
Q F0(Arc objects also ha)97 361.88 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.2 H
(ompass point; the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G
(re the compass points of the implied circle.)-2.5 E F1 2.5
(10.2.2. Locations)72 385.88 R(Relati)2.5 E .2 -.1(ve t)-.1 H 2.5(oO).1
G(pen Objects)-2.5 E F0(Ev)97 401.48 Q .102
(ery open object \(line, arro)-.15 F 1.402 -.65(w, a)-.25 H .102
(rc, or spline\) has three named points;).65 F F1(.start)2.602 E F0(,)A
F1(.center)2.602 E F0 2.602(,a)C(nd)-2.602 E F1(.end)2.601 E F0 5.101
(.T)C(he)-5.101 E(y)-.15 E .486
(can also be used without leading dots in the)72 413.48 R F1(of)2.986 E
F0 .486(pre\214x form.)2.986 F .487
(The center of an arc is the center of its circle,)5.486 F -.2(bu)72
425.48 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he center of a line, path, or spline is halfw)-2.5
E(ay between its endpoints.)-.1 E 157.14 450.68 85.14 486.68 DL 121.14
468.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 121.14 468.68 1.44 DC ST(.center)87.01 463.68 Q
85.14 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 85.14 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)58.22
481.68 Q 157.14 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 157.14 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)
133 445.68 Q 201.78 486.68 36 -0.0000 -90.0000 DA 201.78 486.68 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 201.78 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.center)167.65 481.68 Q 201.78 450.68
1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 201.78 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)174.86 445.68 Q 237.78
486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 237.78 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)213.64 481.68 Q
354.42 450.68 282.42 450.68 DL 282.42 486.68 354.42 450.68 DL 354.42
486.68 282.42 486.68 DL 318.42 468.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 318.42 468.68
1.44 DC ST(.center)284.29 463.68 Q 282.42 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
282.42 450.68 1.44 DC ST(.start)255.5 445.68 Q 354.42 486.68 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 354.42 486.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)330.28 481.68 Q 399.06 486.68 MT
36 0 RL 24 0 42 -6 54 -18 RC 12 -12 12 -18 0 -18 RC -12 0 -30 0 -54 0 RC
-36 0 RL ST 399.06 468.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06 468.68 1.44 DC ST
(.center)364.93 463.68 Q 399.06 486.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06 486.68
1.44 DC ST(.start)372.14 481.68 Q 399.06 450.68 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 399.06
450.68 1.44 DC ST(.end)374.92 445.68 Q
(Figure 10-2: Special points on open objects)201.06 525.52 Q F1 2.5
(10.3. W)72 565.12 R(ays of Composing P)-.65 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 .852
(Once you ha)97 580.72 R 1.152 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.052 -.1(wo p).15 H .852
(ositions to w).1 F .852(ork with, there are se)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.852(ral w).15 F .851(ays to combine them to specify ne)-.1 F(w)-.25 E
(positions.)72 592.72 Q F1 2.5(10.3.1. V)72 616.72 R
(ector Sums and Displacements)-1 E F0(An)97 632.32 Q 2.665(yt)-.15 G
.365 -.1(wo p)-2.665 H .165
(ositions may be added or subtracted to yield a ne).1 F 2.665(wp)-.25 G
2.666(osition. The)-2.665 F .166(result is the con)2.666 F -.15(ve)-.4 G
(ntional).15 E -.15(ve)72 644.32 S 1.455(ctor sum or dif).15 F 1.455
(ference of coordinates.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)6.455 G 3.955(re).15 G(xample,)
-4.105 E F1 1.455(last box .ne + \(0.1, 0\))3.955 F F0 1.455(is a v)
3.955 F 1.455(alid position.)-.25 F(This)6.455 E -.15(ex)72 656.32 S
.166(ample illustrates a common use, to de\214ne a position slightly of)
.15 F .166(fset from a named one \(say)-.25 F 2.666(,f)-.65 G .166
(or captioning)-2.666 F(purposes\).)72 668.32 Q F1 2.5(10.3.2. Inter)72
692.32 R(polation Between P)-.1 E(ositions)-.2 E F0 4.496(Ap)97 707.92 S
1.996(osition may be interpolated between an)-4.496 F 4.495(yt)-.15 G
2.195 -.1(wo p)-4.495 H 4.495(ositions. The).1 F 1.995(syntax is `)4.495
F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E F1 1.995(of the way)4.495 F
(between)72 719.92 Q F2(position1)2.557 E F1(and)2.557 E F2(position2)
2.557 E F0 3.957 -.7(.' F)D .057(or e).55 F .058(xample, you can say)
-.15 F F1 .058(1/3 of the way between her)2.558 F 2.558(ea)-.18 G .058
(nd last ellipse)-2.558 F(.ne)72 731.92 Q F0 6.067(.T)C 1.066(he fracti\
on may be in numerator/denominator form or may be an ordinary number \(\
v)-6.067 F 1.066(alues are)-.25 F F2(not)3.566 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-14-)279.67 48 Q 1.898(restricted to [0,1]\).)72
84 R 1.898(As an alternati)6.898 F 2.199 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 4.399(ot).15 G
1.899(his v)-4.399 F 1.899(erbose syntax, you can say `)-.15 F/F1 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(fr)A(action)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)6.899 E F1
(position1)A F2(,)4.399 E F1(posi-)4.399 E(tion2)72 96 Q F2(>)A F0 -.7
(.')C 2.5(;t).7 G(hus, the e)-2.5 E(xample could also be written)-.15 E
F2(1/3)2.5 E F0(<here, last ellipse>)2.5 E F2(.)A .4 LW 306 114 270 150
DL 306 114 MT -3.816 6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL BL 306 114 MT -3.816
6.336 RL -2.52 -2.52 RL CL ST 282.024 137.976 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 282.024
137.976 1.44 DC ST(P)287.609 140.176 Q F0(Figure 10-3:)129.69 173 Q F2
(P: 1/3 of the way between last arr)2.5 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H
(start and last arr).1 E .2 -.1(ow .)-.18 H(end).1 E F0(This f)97 200.6
Q(acility can be used, for e)-.1 E(xample, to double connections.)-.15 E
270 254.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yin)236.61 238.8 Q 360
254.6 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST(yang)323.28 238.8 Q 306 232.136
270 232.136 DL 306 232.136 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 306 232.136 MT
-7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 270 241.136 306 241.136 DL 270 241.136 MT
7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL BL 270 241.136 MT 7.2 -1.8 RL 0 3.6 RL CL ST
(Figure 10-4: Doubled arro)229.94 277.6 Q(ws)-.25 E -1.1(Yo)72 305.2 S
2.5(uc)1.1 G(an get Figure 10-4 from the follo)-2.5 E(wing program:)-.25
E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 323.2 Q(A: box "yin"; move;)108 335.2 Q
(B: box "yang";)108 347.2 Q(arrow right at 1/4 <A.e,A.ne>;)108 359.2 Q
(arrow left)108 371.2 Q(at 1/4 <B.w,B.sw>;)12 E(.PE)108 383.2 Q F0
(Note the use of the short form for interpolating points.)72 404.8 Q F2
2.5(10.3.3. Pr)72 428.8 R(ojections of P)-.18 E(oints)-.2 E F0(Gi)97
444.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.913(nt).15 G .613 -.1(wo p)-2.913 H(ositions).1
E F1(p)2.913 E F0(and)2.913 E F1(q)2.913 E F0 2.913(,t)C .413
(he position)-2.913 F F2(\()2.913 E F1(p)A F2(,)A F1(q)2.912 E F2(\))A
F0 .412(has the X coordinate of)2.912 F F1(p)2.912 E F0 .412
(and the Y coordinate of)2.912 F F1(q)2.912 E F0(.)A 1.664(This can be \
helpful in placing an object at one of the corners of the virtual box d\
e\214ned by tw)72 456.4 R 4.164(oo)-.1 G(ther)-4.164 E(objects.)72 468.4
Q 360 493.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 360 493.6 1.44 DC ST F2(\(B,A\) is her)
367.2 488.6 Q(e)-.18 E 360 565.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 360 565.6 1.44 DC ST
(B)367.2 575 Q 216 565.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 216 565.6 1.44 DC ST
(\(A,B\) is her)155.38 575 Q(e)-.18 E 216 493.6 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 216
493.6 1.44 DC ST(A)208.8 488.6 Q F0(Figure 10-5: Using \()212.45 595.8 Q
F1(x)A F0(,)A F1(y)2.5 E F0 2.5(\)c)C(omposition)-2.5 E F2 2.5
(10.4. Using)72 631.8 R(Locations)2.5 E F0 .656(There are four w)97
647.4 R .656(ays to use locations;)-.1 F F2(at)3.156 E F0(,)A F2(fr)
3.156 E(om)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(to)3.156 E F0 3.156(,a)C(nd)-3.156 E F2
(with)3.155 E F0 5.655(.A)C .655
(ll three are object modi\214ers; that is,)-5.655 F(you use them as suf)
72 659.4 Q<8c78>-.25 E(es to a dra)-.15 E(wing command.)-.15 E(The)97
675 Q F2(at)3.623 E F0 1.123(modi\214er says to dra)3.623 F -6.122 3.623
(wa c)-.15 H 1.124(losed object or arc with its center at the follo)
-3.623 F 1.124(wing location, or to)-.25 F(dra)72 687 Q 2.5(wal)-.15 G
(ine/spline/arro)-2.5 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(tarting at the follo)-2.5 E
(wing location.)-.25 E(The)97 702.6 Q F2(to)3.648 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used alone to specify a mo)3.647 F 1.447 -.15(ve d)
-.15 H 3.647(estination. The).15 F F2(fr)3.647 E(om)-.18 E F0 1.147
(modi\214er can be used)3.647 F(alone in the same w)72 714.6 Q(ay as)-.1
E F2(at)2.5 E F0(.)A EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-15-)279.67 48 Q(The)97 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
SF(fr)2.677 E(om)-.18 E F0(and)2.677 E F1(to)2.677 E F0 .177
(modi\214ers can be used with a)2.677 F F1(line)2.677 E F0(or)2.677 E F1
(ar)2.677 E(c)-.18 E F0 .177(command to specify start and end points of)
2.677 F 1.873(the object.)72 96 R 1.873
(In conjunction with named locations, this of)6.873 F 1.873(fers a v)
-.25 F 1.873(ery \215e)-.15 F 1.872(xible mechanism for connecting)-.15
F 2.5(objects. F)72 108 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E
(wing program)-.25 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 126 Q(box "from")108 138
Q(move 0.75;)108 150 Q(ellipse "to")108 162 Q
(arc cw from 1/3 of the way \\)108 174 Q
(between last box .n and last box .ne to last ellipse .n;)132 186 Q(.PE)
108 198 Q F0(yields:)72 219.6 Q 261 293.328 MT 0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL
CL .4 LW ST(from)224.28 277.528 Q 54 36 342 275.328 DE ST(to)338.11
277.528 Q 292.464 309.6 72.015 -46.5394 -133.4606 DA
(Figure 10-6: A trick)153.135 316.328 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(onnection speci\214ed with English-lik)-2.5 E 2.5(es)-.1 G(yntax)-2.5 E
(The)97 343.928 Q F1(with)3.146 E F0 .646(modi\214er allo)3.146 F .646(\
ws you to identify a named attachment point of an object with another p\
oint.)-.25 F(This is v)72 355.928 Q
(ery useful for connecting objects in a natural w)-.15 E(ay)-.1 E 5(.F)
-.65 G(or an e)-5.15 E(xample, consider these tw)-.15 E 2.5(op)-.1 G
(rograms:)-2.5 E 162 418.928 MT 0 -36 RL -36 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 216
427.928 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54 RL CL ST F1
(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75)106.075 473.328 Q 396 427.928
MT 0 -36 RL -36 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST 450 427.928 MT 0 -54 RL -54 0 RL 0 54
RL CL ST
(box wid 0.5 ht 0.5; box wid 0.75 ht 0.75 with .sw at last box .se;)
289.8 473.328 Q F0(Figure 10-7: Using the)181.48 494.128 Q F1(with)2.5 E
F0(modi\214er for attachments)2.5 E F1 2.5(10.5. The)72 530.128 R
(chop modi\214er)2.5 E F0 .99(When dra)97 545.728 R .99
(wing lines between circles that don')-.15 F 3.49(ti)-.18 G .99
(ntersect them at a compass point, it is useful to be)-3.49 F(able to s\
horten a line by the radius of the circle at either or both ends.)72
557.728 Q(Consider the follo)5 E(wing program:)-.25 E(.PS)108 575.728 Q
(circle "x")108 587.728 Q(circle "y" at 1st circle - \(0.4, 0.6\))108
599.728 Q(circle "z" at 1st circle + \(0.4, -0.6\))108 611.728 Q(arro)
108 623.728 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(rom 1st circle to 2nd circle chop)-2.5 E
(arro)108 635.728 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(rom 2nd circle to 3rd circle chop)-2.5
E(arro)108 647.728 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(rom 3rd circle to 1st circle chop)
-2.5 E(.PE)108 659.728 Q(It yields the follo)72 681.328 Q(wing:)-.25 E
EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-16-)279.67 48 Q 288 102 18 DC .4 LW ST(x)285.5
104.2 Q 259.2 145.2 18 DC ST(y)256.7 147.4 Q 316.8 145.2 18 DC ST(z)
314.58 147.4 Q 269.136 130.224 277.992 116.976 DL 269.208 130.224 MT
2.52 -6.984 RL 3.024 2.016 RL CL BL 269.208 130.224 MT 2.52 -6.984 RL
3.024 2.016 RL CL ST 298.8 145.2 277.2 145.2 DL 298.8 145.2 MT -7.2 1.8
RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 298.8 145.2 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 297.936
116.976 306.792 130.224 DL 298.008 116.976 MT 5.472 4.968 RL -3.024
2.016 RL CL BL 298.008 116.976 MT 5.472 4.968 RL -3.024 2.016 RL CL ST
(Figure 10-8: The)224.39 186.2 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(chop)2.5 E F0
(modi\214er)2.5 E .458(Notice that the)72 213.8 R F1(chop)2.958 E F0
(attrib)2.958 E .459(ute mo)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(sa).15 G(rro)
-2.959 E .459(wheads rather than stepping on them. By def)-.25 F .459
(ault, the)-.1 F F1(chop)2.959 E F0(modi-)2.959 E .438
(\214er shortens both ends of the line by)72 225.8 R F1(cir)2.937 E
(clerad)-.18 E F0 5.437(.B)C 2.937(ys)-5.437 G(uf)-2.937 E .437
(\214xing it with a number you can change the amount)-.25 F
(of chopping.)72 237.8 Q .624(If you say)97 253.4 R F1 .624
(line ... chop)3.124 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(r1)3.124 E F1(chop)3.124
E F2(r2)3.124 E F0(with)3.124 E F2(r1)3.124 E F0(and)3.124 E F2(r2)3.124
E F0 .624(both numbers, you can v)3.124 F .625(ary the amount of chop-)
-.25 F .082(ping at both ends.)72 265.4 R -1.1(Yo)5.081 G 2.581(uc)1.1 G
.081(an use this in combination with trigonometric functions to write c\
ode that will deal)-2.581 F(with more comple)72 277.4 Q 2.5(xi)-.15 G
(ntersections.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(11. Object)72 301.4 R(Gr)2.5 E(oups)-.18 E
F0(There are tw)97 317 Q 2.5(od)-.1 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent w)-.25 E
(ays to group objects in)-.1 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(;)A F2(br)2.5 E(ace gr)
-.15 E(ouping)-.45 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(bloc)2.5 E 2.5(kc)-.2 G(omposites)
-2.5 E F0(.)A F1 2.5(11.1. Brace)72 341 R(Gr)2.5 E(ouping)-.18 E F0 .503
(The simpler method is simply to group a set of objects within curly br\
ack)97 356.6 R .504(et or brace characters.)-.1 F(On)5.504 E -.15(ex)72
368.6 S 1.491(it from this grouping, the current position and direction\
 are restored to their v).15 F 1.49(alue when the opening)-.25 F
(brace w)72 380.6 Q(as encountered.)-.1 E F1 2.5(11.2. Block)72 404.6 R
(Composites)2.5 E F0 2.553(Ab)97 420.2 S .053(lock composite object is \
created a series of commands enclosed by square brack)-2.553 F 2.554
(ets. The)-.1 F(compos-)2.554 E .164
(ite can be treated for most purposes lik)72 432.2 R 2.664(eas)-.1 G
.163(ingle closed object, with the size and shape of its bounding box.)
-2.664 F(Here is an e)72 444.2 Q 2.5(xample. The)-.15 F
(program fragment)2.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(A: [)108 462.2 Q(circle;)132
474.2 Q(line up 1 at last circle .n;)132 486.2 Q
(line down 1 at last circle .s;)132 498.2 Q
(line right 1 at last circle .e;)132 510.2 Q
(line left 1 at last circle .w;)132 522.2 Q
(box dashed with .nw at last circle .se + \(0.2, -0.2\);)132 534.2 Q
(Caption: center of last box;)132 546.2 Q(])108 558.2 Q F0 .852
(yields the block in \214gure 11-1, which we sho)72 579.8 R 3.352(wb)
-.25 G .853(oth with and without its attachment points.)-3.352 F .853
(The block')5.853 F(s)-.55 E(location becomes the v)72 591.8 Q(alue of)
-.25 E F1(A)2.5 E F0(.)A EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-17-)279.67 48 Q 178.56 175.44 18 DC .4 LW ST
178.56 85.44 178.56 157.44 DL 178.56 265.44 178.56 193.44 DL 268.56
175.44 196.56 175.44 DL 88.56 175.44 160.56 175.44 DL 209.304 238.584
205.704 238.584 DL 216.504 238.584 212.904 238.584 DL 223.704 238.584
220.104 238.584 DL 230.904 238.584 227.304 238.584 DL 238.104 238.584
234.504 238.584 DL 245.304 238.584 241.704 238.584 DL 252.504 238.584
248.904 238.584 DL 259.704 238.584 256.104 238.584 DL 259.704 234.984
259.704 238.584 DL 259.704 228.504 259.704 232.104 DL 259.704 222.024
259.704 225.624 DL 259.704 215.544 259.704 219.144 DL 259.704 209.064
259.704 212.664 DL 259.704 202.584 259.704 206.184 DL 256.104 202.584
259.704 202.584 DL 248.904 202.584 252.504 202.584 DL 241.704 202.584
245.304 202.584 DL 234.504 202.584 238.104 202.584 DL 227.304 202.584
230.904 202.584 DL 220.104 202.584 223.704 202.584 DL 212.904 202.584
216.504 202.584 DL 205.704 202.584 209.304 202.584 DL 205.704 206.184
205.704 202.584 DL 205.704 212.664 205.704 209.064 DL 205.704 219.144
205.704 215.544 DL 205.704 225.624 205.704 222.024 DL 205.704 232.104
205.704 228.504 DL 205.704 238.584 205.704 234.984 DL 396 175.44 18 DC
ST 396 85.44 396 157.44 DL 396 265.44 396 193.44 DL 486 175.44 414
175.44 DL 306 175.44 378 175.44 DL 426.744 238.584 423.144 238.584 DL
433.944 238.584 430.344 238.584 DL 441.144 238.584 437.544 238.584 DL
448.344 238.584 444.744 238.584 DL 455.544 238.584 451.944 238.584 DL
462.744 238.584 459.144 238.584 DL 469.944 238.584 466.344 238.584 DL
477.144 238.584 473.544 238.584 DL 477.144 234.984 477.144 238.584 DL
477.144 228.504 477.144 232.104 DL 477.144 222.024 477.144 225.624 DL
477.144 215.544 477.144 219.144 DL 477.144 209.064 477.144 212.664 DL
477.144 202.584 477.144 206.184 DL 473.544 202.584 477.144 202.584 DL
466.344 202.584 469.944 202.584 DL 459.144 202.584 462.744 202.584 DL
451.944 202.584 455.544 202.584 DL 444.744 202.584 448.344 202.584 DL
437.544 202.584 441.144 202.584 DL 430.344 202.584 433.944 202.584 DL
423.144 202.584 426.744 202.584 DL 423.144 206.184 423.144 202.584 DL
423.144 212.664 423.144 209.064 DL 423.144 219.144 423.144 215.544 DL
423.144 225.624 423.144 222.024 DL 423.144 232.104 423.144 228.504 DL
423.144 238.584 423.144 234.984 DL 396 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 396
175.44 1.44 DC ST/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.c)398.5 177.64 Q 396 85.44 1.44
DC 0.5000 FL 396 85.44 1.44 DC ST(.n)391.97 81.64 Q 486 85.44 1.44 DC
0.5000 FL 486 85.44 1.44 DC ST(.ne)481 81.64 Q 486 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000
FL 486 175.44 1.44 DC ST(.e)488.5 177.64 Q 486 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
486 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.se)481.835 273.64 Q 396 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
396 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.s)392.805 273.64 Q 306 265.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
306 265.44 1.44 DC ST(.sw)297.945 273.64 Q 306 175.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL
306 175.44 1.44 DC ST(.w)293.78 177.64 Q 306 85.44 1.44 DC 0.5000 FL 306
85.44 1.44 DC ST(.nw)297.11 81.64 Q F0
(Figure 11-1: A sample composite object)207.59 289.88 Q 3.042 -.8(To r)
72 317.48 T 1.442(efer to one of the composite').8 F 3.942(sa)-.55 G
1.442(ttachment points, you can say \(for e)-3.942 F(xample\))-.15 E F1
3.941(A.)3.941 G(s)-3.941 E F0 6.441(.F)C 1.441(or purposes of)-6.591 F
.063(object naming, composites are a class.)72 329.48 R -1.1(Yo)5.063 G
2.563(uc)1.1 G .063(ould write)-2.563 F F1 .064(last [] .s)2.564 F F0
.064(as an equi)2.564 F -.25(va)-.25 G .064(lent refrence, usable an).25
F(ywhere)-.15 E 2.5(al)72 341.48 S(ocation is needed.)-2.5 E
(This construction is v)5 E(ery important for putting together lar)-.15
E(ge, multi-part diagrams.)-.18 E .285(Blocks are also a v)97 357.08 R
.284(ariable-scoping mechanism, lik)-.25 F 2.784(ea)-.1 G/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(gr)A(of)-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0 .284(\(1\) en)B 2.784
(vironment. All)-.4 F -.25(va)2.784 G .284(riable assignments).25 F .474
(done inside a block are undone at the end of it.)72 369.08 R 2.074 -.8
(To g)5.474 H .474(et at v).8 F .474
(alues within a block, write a name of the block)-.25 F(follo)72 381.08
Q .024(wed by a dot, follo)-.25 F .024(wed by the v)-.25 F .024
(ariable or label you w)-.25 F 2.523(ant. F)-.1 F .023(or e)-.15 F .023
(xample, we could refer the the center of)-.15 F(the box in the abo)72
393.08 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.15 H(omposite as).15 E F1(last [] .Caption)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(A.Caption)2.5 E F0(.)A .626
(This kind of reference to a label can be used in an)97 408.68 R 3.126
(yw)-.15 G .626(ay an)-3.226 F 3.126(yo)-.15 G .626
(ther location can be.)-3.126 F -.15(Fo)5.626 G 3.126(re).15 G .626
(xample, if)-3.276 F(we added)72 420.68 Q F1("Hi!" at A.Caption)2.5 E F0
(the result w)2.5 E(ould look lik)-.1 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(his:)-2.5 E 288
528.68 18 DC ST 288 438.68 288 510.68 DL 288 618.68 288 546.68 DL 378
528.68 306 528.68 DL 198 528.68 270 528.68 DL 318.744 591.824 315.144
591.824 DL 325.944 591.824 322.344 591.824 DL 333.144 591.824 329.544
591.824 DL 340.344 591.824 336.744 591.824 DL 347.544 591.824 343.944
591.824 DL 354.744 591.824 351.144 591.824 DL 361.944 591.824 358.344
591.824 DL 369.144 591.824 365.544 591.824 DL 369.144 588.224 369.144
591.824 DL 369.144 581.744 369.144 585.344 DL 369.144 575.264 369.144
578.864 DL 369.144 568.784 369.144 572.384 DL 369.144 562.304 369.144
565.904 DL 369.144 555.824 369.144 559.424 DL 365.544 555.824 369.144
555.824 DL 358.344 555.824 361.944 555.824 DL 351.144 555.824 354.744
555.824 DL 343.944 555.824 347.544 555.824 DL 336.744 555.824 340.344
555.824 DL 329.544 555.824 333.144 555.824 DL 322.344 555.824 325.944
555.824 DL 315.144 555.824 318.744 555.824 DL 315.144 559.424 315.144
555.824 DL 315.144 565.904 315.144 562.304 DL 315.144 572.384 315.144
568.784 DL 315.144 578.864 315.144 575.264 DL 315.144 585.344 315.144
581.744 DL 315.144 591.824 315.144 588.224 DL(Hi!)335.479 576.024 Q
(Figure 11-2: Adding a caption using interior labeling)182.035 641.68 Q
-1.1(Yo)97 669.28 S 2.993(uc)1.1 G .492
(an also use interior labels in either part of a)-2.993 F F1(with)2.992
E F0(modi\214er)2.992 E 5.492(.T)-.55 G .492(his means that the e)-5.492
F .492(xample com-)-.15 F(posite could be placed relati)72 681.28 Q .3
-.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(oi).15 G(ts caption box by a command containing)
-2.5 E F1(with A.Caption at)2.5 E F0(.)A 1.121(Blocks may be nested.)97
696.88 R 1.121(This means you can use block attachment points to b)6.121
F 1.122(uild up comple)-.2 F 3.622(xd)-.15 G(ia-)-3.622 E .156
(grams hierarchically)72 708.88 R 2.656(,f)-.65 G .156
(rom the inside out.)-2.656 F .155(Note that)5.155 F F1(last)2.655 E F0
.155(and the other sequential naming mechanisms don')2.655 F(t)-.18 E
(look inside blocks, so if you ha)72 720.88 Q .3 -.15(ve a p)-.2 H
(rogram that looks lik).15 E(e)-.1 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-18-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 84 Q
(P: [box "foo"; ellipse "bar"];)108 96 Q(Q: [)108 108 Q
([box "baz"; ellipse "quxx"])133 120 Q("random text";)133 132 Q(])126
144 Q(arrow from 2nd last [];)108 156 Q(.PE)108 168 Q F0(the arro)72
189.6 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G
(he last line will be attached to object)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(P)
2.5 E F0 2.5(,n)C(ot object)-2.5 E F2(Q)2.5 E F0(.)A .113(In D)97 205.2
R(WB)-.3 E F2(pic)2.613 E F0 2.613(,o)C .113(nly references one le)
-2.613 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.613(ld).15 G .113
(eep into enclosed blocks were permitted. GNU)-2.613 F F2(gpic)2.614 E
F0(remo)2.614 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E(this restriction.)72 217.2 Q .913
(The combination of block v)97 232.8 R .913
(ariable scoping, assignability of labels and the macro f)-.25 F .912
(acility that we')-.1 F(ll)-.1 E .406
(describe later on can be used to simulate functions with local v)72
244.8 R .407(ariables \(just wrap the macro body in block)-.25 F
(braces\).)72 256.8 Q F2 2.5(12. Style)72 280.8 R -.92(Va)2.5 G(riables)
.92 E F0 .914(There are a number of global style v)97 296.4 R .913
(ariables in)-.25 F F2(pic)3.413 E F0 .913
(that can be used to change its o)3.413 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .913(rall beha)
.15 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -.8(We)72 308.4 S -1.65 -.5('v e).8 H .758
(mentioned se)3.758 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .758(ral of them in pre).15 F .758
(vious sections.)-.25 F(The)5.758 E(y')-.15 E .758
(re all described here.)-.5 F -.15(Fo)5.758 G 3.258(re).15 G .758(ach v)
-3.258 F .758(ariable, the)-.25 F(def)72 320.4 Q(ault is gi)-.1 E -.15
(ve)-.25 G(n.).15 E F2(Style V)72 340.4 Q 12.5(ariable Default What)-.92
F(It Does)2.5 E .08 LW 371.35 346.9 72 346.9 DL 186.07 328.9 186.07
348.9 DL 139.41 328.9 139.41 348.9 DL F0 59.21(boxht 0.5)72 358.4 R(Def)
24.58 E(ault height of a box)-.1 E 51.99(boxwid 0.75)72 370.4 R(Def)
19.58 E(ault height of a box)-.1 E 59.21(lineht 0.5)72 382.4 R(Def)24.58
E(ault length of v)-.1 E(ertical line)-.15 E(line)72 394.4 Q 52.24
(wid 0.75)-.25 F(Def)19.58 E(ault length of horizontal line)-.1 E 57.01
(arcrad 0.25)72 406.4 R(Def)19.58 E(ault radius of an arc)-.1 E 47.01
(circlerad 0.25)72 418.4 R(Def)19.58 E(ault radius of a circle)-.1 E
48.1(ellipseht 0.5)72 430.4 R(Def)24.58 E(ault height of an ellipse)-.1
E(ellipse)72 442.4 Q 41.13(wid 0.75)-.25 F(Def)19.58 E
(ault width of an ellipse)-.1 E(mo)72 454.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 52.29
(ht 0.5).15 F(Def)24.58 E(ault length of v)-.1 E(ertical mo)-.15 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(mo)72 466.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 45.32(wid 0.75)-.1 F(Def)19.58 E
(ault length of horizontal mo)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(te)72 478.4 Q 59.36
(xtht 0)-.15 F(Def)32.08 E(ault height of box enclosing a te)-.1 E
(xt object)-.15 E(te)72 490.4 Q 52.14(xtwid 0)-.15 F(Def)32.08 E
(ault width of box enclosing a te)-.1 E(xt object)-.15 E(arro)72 502.4 Q
51.14(wht 0.1)-.25 F(Length of arro)24.58 E(whead along shaft)-.25 E
(arro)72 514.4 Q 43.92(wwid 0.05)-.25 F -.4(Wi)19.58 G
(dth of rear of arro).4 E(whead)-.25 E(arro)72 526.4 Q 40.04(whead 1)
-.25 F(Enable/disable arro)32.08 E(whead \214lling)-.25 E 48.66
(dashwid 0.05)72 538.4 R(Interv)19.58 E(al for dashed lines)-.25 E 35.88
(maxpswid 11)72 550.4 R(Maximum width of picture)32.08 E 48.1
(maxpsht 8.5)72 562.4 R(Maximum height of picture)24.58 E 62(scale 1)72
574.4 R(Unit scale f)32.08 E(actor)-.1 E(\214llv)72 586.4 Q 58.9(al 0.5)
-.25 F(Def)24.58 E(ault \214ll v)-.1 E(alue)-.25 E 371.35 595.9 72 595.9
DL 186.07 348.9 186.07 595.9 DL 139.41 348.9 139.41 595.9 DL(An)72 611.4
Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(hese v)-2.5 E
(ariables can be set with a simple assignment statement.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)
5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-19-)279.67 48 Q 244.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0
RL 0 72 RL CL .4 LW ST 280.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
316.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL -21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST 352.8 156 MT 0 -72 RL
-21.6 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST(Figure 12-1:)98.615 179 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
(boxht=1; boxwid=0.3; mo)2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(wid=0.2; box; mo).1 E -.1
(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox; mo)-2.5 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox; mo)-2.5
E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(;b).1 G(ox;)-2.5 E F0 1.338(In GNU)97 206.6 R F1(pic)
3.838 E F0 3.838(,s)C 1.338(etting the)-3.838 F F1(scale)3.838 E F0 -.25
(va)3.837 G 1.337(riable re-scales all size-related state v).25 F 1.337
(ariables so that their v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E(remain equi)72 218.6 Q
-.25(va)-.25 G(lent in the ne).25 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nits.)-2.5 E .118
(The command)97 234.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.618 G(set).18 E F0 .118
(resets all style v)2.618 F .118(ariables to their def)-.25 F 2.618
(aults. Y)-.1 F .118(ou can gi)-1.1 F .418 -.15(ve i)-.25 H -5.117 2.618
(ta c).15 H .119(omma-separated list)-2.618 F(of v)72 246.2 Q
(ariable names as ar)-.25 E
(guments, in which case it resets only those.)-.18 E(State v)97 261.8 Q
(ariables retain their v)-.25 E(alues across pictures until reset.)-.25
E F1 2.5(13. Expr)72 285.8 R(essions, V)-.18 E(ariables, and Assignment)
-.92 E F0 2.85(An)97 301.4 S .35(umber is a v)-2.85 F .35(alid e)-.25 F
.35(xpression, of course \(all numbers are stored internally as \215oat\
ing-point\).)-.15 F(Deci-)5.35 E .092
(mal-point notation is acceptable; in GNU)72 313.4 R F1(gpic)2.592 E F0
2.592(,s)C .093(cienti\214c notation in C')-2.592 F 2.593(s`)-.55 G .093
(e' format \(lik)-2.593 F(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(5e-2)2.593 E F0
2.593(\)i)C 2.593(sa)-2.593 G(ccepted.)-2.593 E(An)97 329 Q .092
(ywhere a number is e)-.15 F .091
(xpected, the language will also accept a v)-.15 F 2.591(ariable. V)-.25
F .091(ariables may be the b)-1.11 F(uilt-)-.2 E(in style v)72 341 Q
(ariable described in the last section, or ne)-.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G
(ariables created by assignment.)-2.75 E -.3(DW)97 356.6 S(B).3 E F1
(pic)2.592 E F0 .093
(supports only the ordinary assignment via =, de\214nes the v)2.592 F
.093(ariable in the current block if it is)-.25 F .301
(not already de\214ned there, and then changes the v)72 368.6 R .301
(alue in the current block.)-.25 F(GNU)5.301 E F1(gpic)2.801 E F0 .301
(supports an alternate)2.801 F .8(form of assignment using :=. The)72
380.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)3.3 E F0 .801
(\(right side\) must already be de\214ned, and the v)3.3 F .801(alue of)
-.25 F F3(variable)3.301 E F0
(will be changed only in the innermost block in which it is de\214ned.)
72 392.6 Q -1.1(Yo)97 408.2 S 2.863(uc)1.1 G .363
(an use the height, width, radius, and x and y coordinates of an)-2.863
F 2.863(yo)-.15 G .362(bject or corner in e)-2.863 F(xpressions)-.15 E
(If)72 420.2 Q F1(A)2.5 E F0(is an object label or name, all the follo)
2.5 E(wing are v)-.25 E(alid:)-.25 E F2 102(A.x #)108 438.2 R 6(xc)6 G
(oordinate of the center of A)-6 E 84(A.ne.y #)108 450.2 R 6(yc)6 G
(oordinate of the northeast corner of A)-6 E 90(A.wid #)108 462.2 R
(the width of A)6 E 96(A.ht #)108 474.2 R(and its height)6 E
(2nd last circle.rad)108 486.2 Q 6(#t)12 G
(he radius of the 2nd last circle)-6 E F0(Note the second e)72 504.2 Q
(xpression, sho)-.15 E(wing ho)-.25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G
(xtract a corner coordinate.)-2.65 E .238
(Basic arithmetic resembling those of C operators are a)97 519.8 R -.25
(va)-.2 G .238(ilable; +, *, -, /, and %.).25 F .239(So is ^ for e)5.239
F(xponen-)-.15 E 3.308(tiation. Grouping)72 531.8 R .808
(is permitted in the usual w)3.308 F .807(ay using parentheses.)-.1 F
(GNU)5.807 E F1(gpic)3.307 E F0(allo)3.307 E .807
(ws logical operators to)-.25 F(appear in e)72 543.8 Q
(xpressions; ! \(logical ne)-.15 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion, not f).05 E
(actorial\), &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >.)-.1 E -1.11(Va)97 559.4 S
.562(rious b)1.11 F .562(uilt-in functions are supported:)-.2 F F1
(sin\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F3(,)A F1(cos\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F3
(,)A F1(log\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F3(,)A F1(exp\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1
(\))A F3(,)A F1(sqrt\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(\))A F3(,)A F1(max\()3.063 E F3
(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F3(,)A F1(atan2\()3.063 E F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)
A F1(\))A F3(,)A F1(min\()72 571.4 Q F3(x)A F1(,)A F3(y)A F1(\))A F3(,)A
F1(int\()3.818 E F3(x)A F1 1.318(\), and rand\(\), Both exp and log ar)B
3.817(eb)-.18 G 1.317(ase 10; int does integer truncation; and rand\(\))
-3.817 F -.18(re)72 583.4 S(tur).18 E(ns a random number in [0-1\).)-.15
E F0(GNU)97 599 Q F1(gpic)2.603 E F0 .103(also documents a one-ar)2.603
F .104(gument form or rand,)-.18 F F1(rand\()2.604 E F3(x)A F1 .104
(\), which r)B(etur)-.18 E .104(ns a random number)-.15 F(between 1 and)
72 611 Q F3(x)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut this is depr)-2.7 E
(ecated and may be r)-.18 E(emo)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(naf)
-2.5 G(utur)-2.5 E 2.5(ev)-.18 G(ersion.)-2.6 E F0(The function)97 626.6
Q F1(sprintf\(\))2.5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sl).15 G(ik)-2.5
E 2.5(eaC)-.1 G F3(sprintf)A F0(\(3\) that only tak)A
(es %, %e, %f, and %g format strings.)-.1 E F1 2.5(14. Macr)72 650.6 R
(os)-.18 E F0 -1.1(Yo)97 666.2 S 3(uc)1.1 G .5(an de\214ne macros in)-3
F F1(pic)3 E F0 5.5(.T)C .499(his is useful for diagrams with repetiti)
-5.5 F .799 -.15(ve p)-.25 H 2.999(arts. In).15 F .499(conjunction with)
2.999 F(the scope rules for block composites, it ef)72 678.2 Q(fecti)
-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly gi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(sy).15 G
(ou the ability to write functions.)-2.5 E(The syntax is)97 693.8 Q F1
(de\214ne)108 711.8 Q F3(name)6 E F1({)6 E F3 -.37(re)6 G(placement te)
.37 E(xt)-.2 E F1(})2.5 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-20-)279.67 48 Q .217(This de\214nes)72 84 R/F1
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.717 E F0 .218
(as a macro to be replaced by the replacement te)2.717 F .218
(xt \(not including the braces\).)-.15 F .218(The macro)5.218 F
(may be called as)72 96 Q F1(name)108 114 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A
F1(ar)A(g1, ar)-.37 E(g2, ... ar)-.37 E(gn)-.37 E F2(\))A F0(The ar)72
135.6 Q(guments \(if an)-.18 E(y\) will be substituted for tok)-.15 E
(ens $1, $2 ... $n appearing in the replacement te)-.1 E(xt.)-.15 E
(As an e)97 151.2 Q(xample of macro use, consider the follo)-.15 E
(wing:)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(.PS)108 169.2 Q 6(#P)108 181.2 S
(lot a single jumper in a $1 by $2 box, $3 is the on-off state)-6 E
(define jumper { [)108 193.2 Q(shrinkfactor = 0.8;)132 205.2 Q
(Outer: box invis wid 0.5 ht 1;)132 217.2 Q 6(#C)132 241.2 S
(ount on end ] to reset these)-6 E
(boxwid = Outer.wid * shrinkfactor / 2;)132 253.2 Q 6(boxht =)132 265.2
R 6(Outer.ht *)6 F(shrinkfactor / 2;)6 E
(box fill \(!$1\) with .s at center of Outer;)132 289.2 Q
(box fill \($1\))132 301.2 Q(with .n at center of Outer;)12 E 6(]})108
313.2 S 6(#P)108 337.2 S(lot a block of six jumpers)-6 E
(define jumperblock {)108 349.2 Q(jumper\($1\);)132 361.2 Q
(jumper\($2\);)132 373.2 Q(jumper\($3\);)132 385.2 Q(jumper\($4\);)132
397.2 Q(jumper\($5\);)132 409.2 Q(jumper\($6\);)132 421.2 Q 6(jwidth =)
132 445.2 R(last [].Outer.wid;)6 E(jheight = last [].Outer.ht;)132 457.2
Q(box with .nw at 6th last [].nw wid 6*jwidth ht jheight;)132 481.2 Q 6
(#U)132 505.2 S(se {} to avoid changing position from last box draw.)-6
E 6(#T)132 517.2 S
(his is necessary so move in any direction will work as expected)-6 E
({"Jumpers in state $1$2$2$3$4$5$6" at last box .s + \(0, -0.2\);})132
529.2 Q(})108 541.2 Q 6(#S)108 565.2 S(ample macro invocations)-6 E
(jumperblock\(1,1,0,0,1,0\);)108 577.2 Q(move;)108 589.2 Q
(jumperblock\(1,0,1,0,1,1\);)108 601.2 Q F0(It yields the follo)72 630.2
Q(wing:)-.25 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-21-)279.67 48 Q 97.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0
RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 97.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
.4 LW ST 97.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 97.2
148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 133.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 133.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL ST 133.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000
FL 133.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 169.2 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 169.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 169.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
1.0000 FL 169.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 205.2 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 205.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 205.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 1.0000 FL 205.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST
241.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 241.2 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 241.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 241.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
ST 277.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 277.2 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 277.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 277.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL ST 288 156 MT 0 -72 RL -216 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
(Jumpers in state 1110010)129.03 172.6 Q 349.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0
RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 349.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL
CL ST 349.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 349.2
148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 385.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 385.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0
28.8 RL CL ST 385.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000
FL 385.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 421.2 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 421.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 421.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
0.0000 FL 421.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 457.2 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 457.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL
-14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 457.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL 1.0000 FL 457.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST
493.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 493.2 120 MT 0
-28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 493.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL
0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 493.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL
ST 529.2 120 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 1.0000 FL 529.2 120
MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL ST 529.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4
0 RL 0 28.8 RL CL 0.0000 FL 529.2 148.8 MT 0 -28.8 RL -14.4 0 RL 0 28.8
RL CL ST 540 156 MT 0 -72 RL -216 0 RL 0 72 RL CL ST
(Jumpers in state 1001011)381.03 172.6 Q
(Figure 14-1: Sample use of a macro)216.345 193.4 Q .645(This macro e)72
221 R .645(xample illustrates ho)-.15 F 3.145(wy)-.25 G .645
(ou can combine [], brace grouping, and v)-3.145 F .644
(ariable assignment to write)-.25 F(true functions.)72 233 Q .251
(One detail the e)97 248.6 R .251(xample abo)-.15 F .552 -.15(ve d)-.15
H .252(oes not illustrate is the f).15 F .252(act that macro ar)-.1 F
.252(gument parsing is not tok)-.18 F(en-)-.1 E 2.662(oriented. If)72
260.6 R .162(you call)2.662 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .162(jumper\( 1 \))
2.662 F F0 2.662(,t)C .162(he v)-2.662 F .161(alue of $1 will be)-.25 F
F1 2.661("1")2.661 G F0 2.661(.Y)-2.661 G .161(ou could e)-3.761 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.661(nc).15 G(all)-2.661 E F1 2.661(jumper\(big string\))
2.661 F F0(to)2.661 E(gi)72 272.6 Q .3 -.15(ve $)-.25 H 2.5(1t).15 G
(he v)-2.5 E(alue)-.25 E F1 2.5("big string")2.5 F F0(.)A .272(If you w)
97 288.2 R .272(ant to pass in a coordinate pair)-.1 F 2.773(,y)-.4 G
.273(ou can a)-2.773 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .273
(id getting tripped up by the comma by wrapping).2 F
(the pair in parentheses.)72 300.2 Q(Macros persist through pictures.)97
315.8 Q 1.6 -.8(To u)5 H(nde\214ne a mcro, say).8 E F1(undef)2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(;f)C(or e)-2.5 E(xample,)-.15 E/F3
10/Courier@0 SF(undef jumper)108 333.8 Q(undef jumperblock)108 345.8 Q
F0 -.1(wo)72 367.4 S(uld unde\214ne the tw).1 E 2.5(om)-.1 G
(acros in the jumper block e)-2.5 E(xample.)-.15 E F1 2.5
(15. Import/Export)72 391.4 R(Commands)2.5 E F0
(Commands that import or e)97 407 Q(xport data between)-.15 E F1(pic)2.5
E F0(and its en)2.5 E(vironment are described here.)-.4 E F1 2.5
(15.1. File)72 431 R(and T)2.5 E(able Insertion)-.92 E F0(The statement)
97 446.6 Q F3(copy)108 464.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 .465
(inserts the contents of)72 482.6 R F2(\214lename)2.965 E F0 .465
(in the)2.965 F F1(pic)2.965 E F0 .465(input stream.)2.965 F(An)5.465 E
2.965(y.)-.15 G .464(PS/.PE pair in the \214le will be ignored.)-2.965 F
(This,)5.464 E(you can use this to include pre-generated images.)72
494.6 Q 2.5(Av)97 510.2 S(ariant of this statement replicates the)-2.75
E F1(copy thru)2.5 E F0(feature of)2.5 E F2(gr)2.5 E(ap)-.15 E F0 2.5
(\(1\). If)B(you say)2.5 E F3(copy)108 528.2 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F3
(thru)2.5 E F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0 .708(calls the)72 549.8 R F2(macr)
3.208 E(o)-.45 E F0 .708(\(which may be either a name or replacement te)
3.208 F .708(xt\) on the ar)-.15 F .709(guments obtained by breaking)
-.18 F .432(each line of the \214le into blank-separated \214elds.)72
561.8 R .432(The macro may ha)5.432 F .732 -.15(ve u)-.2 H 2.932(pt).15
G 2.931(o9a)-2.932 G -.18(rg)-2.931 G 2.931(uments. The).18 F
(replacement)2.931 E(te)72 573.8 Q .709
(xt may be delimited by braces or by a pair of instances of an)-.15 F
3.21(yc)-.15 G .71(haracter not appearing in the rest of the)-3.21 F(te)
72 585.8 Q(xt.)-.15 E(If you write)97 601.4 Q F3(copy thru)108 619.4 Q
F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0
(omitting the \214lename, lines to be parsed are tak)72 641 Q
(en from the input source up to the ne)-.1 E(xt .PE.)-.15 E .404
(In either of the)97 656.6 R F1(copy)2.904 E F0 .404(commands, GNU)2.904
F F1(gpic)2.904 E F0 .403(permits a trailing `)2.904 F F1(until)A F2
(wor)2.903 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.903('c)C .403(lause to be added which)-2.903
F .458(terminates the cop)72 668.6 R 2.958(yw)-.1 G .458
(hen the \214rst w)-2.958 F .459(ord matches the ar)-.1 F .459
(gument \(the def)-.18 F .459(ault beha)-.1 F .459
(vior is therefore equi)-.2 F -.25(va)-.25 G(lent).25 E(to)72 680.6 Q F1
(until .PE)2.5 E F0(,)A(Accordingly)97 696.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he command)
-2.5 E F3(.PS)122 711.8 Q(copy thru % circle at \($1,$2\) % until "END")
122 723.8 Q EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-22-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(12)122 84
S 6(34)122 96 S 6(56)122 108 S(END)122 120 Q(box)122 132 Q(.PE)122 144 Q
F0(is equi)72 159.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(.PS)122 175.2 Q
(circle at \(1,2\))122 187.2 Q(circle at \(3,4\))122 199.2 Q
(circle at \(5,6\))122 211.2 Q(box)122 223.2 Q(.PE)122 235.2 Q/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(15.2. Deb)72 259.2 R(ug Messages)-.2 E F0 .978
(The command)97 274.8 R F2(print)3.478 E F0 .977(accepts an)3.478 F
3.477(yn)-.15 G .977(umber of comma-separated ar)-3.477 F .977
(guments, concatenates their output)-.18 F .805
(forms, and writes the result to standard error)72 286.8 R 5.805(.E)-.55
G .805(ach ar)-5.805 F .805(gument must be an e)-.18 F .805
(xpression, a position, or a te)-.15 F(xt)-.15 E(string.)72 298.8 Q F2
2.5(15.3. Escape)72 322.8 R(to P)2.5 E(ost-Pr)-.2 E(ocessor)-.18 E F0
(If you write)97 338.4 Q F2(command)108 356.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.666(...)1.666 G F2(pic)72 378 Q F0 1.548
(concatenates the ar)4.048 F 1.547
(guments and pass them through as a line to trof)-.18 F 4.047(fo)-.25 G
4.047(rT)-4.047 G(E)-5.714 2.24 M 4.047(X. Each)-1.25 -2.24 N F3(ar)
4.047 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.547(must be an)4.047 F -.15(ex)72 390 S .084
(pression, a position, or te).15 F 2.584(xt. This)-.15 F .084
(has a similar ef)2.584 F .084(fect to a line be)-.25 F .084
(ginning with)-.15 F F2(.)2.584 E F0(or)5.085 E F2(\\)2.585 E F0 2.585
(,b)C .085(ut allo)-2.785 F .085(ws the v)-.25 F(alues)-.25 E(of v)72
402 Q(ariables to be passed through.)-.25 E F2 2.5(15.4. Executing)72
426 R(Shell Commands)2.5 E F0(The command)97 441.6 Q F1(sh {)108 459.6 Q
F3(anything)6 E(...)-.15 E F1(})6 E F0(macroe)72 481.2 Q 1.563
(xpands the te)-.15 F 1.563(xt in braces, then e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
1.563(cutes it as a shell command.).15 F 1.563
(This could be used to generate)6.563 F .755
(images or data tables for later inclusion.)72 493.2 R .756
(The delimiters sho)5.756 F .756(wn as {} here may also be tw)-.25 F
3.256(oc)-.1 G .756(opies of an)-3.256 F(y)-.15 E 1.397
(one character not present in the shell command te)72 505.2 R 3.897
(xt. In)-.15 F 1.397(either case, the body may contain balanced {})3.897
F 2.5(pairs. Strings)72 517.2 R
(in the body may contain balanced or unbalanced braces in an)2.5 E 2.5
(yc)-.15 G(ase.)-2.5 E F2 2.5(16. Contr)72 541.2 R(ol-\215o)-.18 E 2.5
(wc)-.1 G(onstructs)-2.5 E F0(The)97 556.8 Q F2(pic)2.5 E F0
(language pro)2.5 E(vides conditionals and looping.)-.15 E -.15(Fo)5 G
2.5(re).15 G(xample,)-2.65 E F1(pi = atan2\(0, -1\);)108 574.8 Q
(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)108 586.8 Q("-" at \(i/2, 0\);)132
598.8 Q("." at \(i/2, sin\(i\)/2\);)132 610.8 Q
(":" at \(i/2, cos\(i\)/2\);)132 622.8 Q(})108 634.8 Q F0
(which yields this:)72 656.4 Q EP
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108.16 Q(:)189.41 89.008 Q(-)192.735 122.2 Q(.)193.15 104.92 Q(:)193.01
90.592 Q(-)196.335 122.2 Q(.)196.75 101.896 Q(:)196.61 92.464 Q(-)
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203.95 96.352 Q(:)203.81 97.144 Q(-)207.135 122.2 Q(.)207.55 93.976 Q(:)
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Q(.)232.75 86.2 Q(:)232.61 123.28 Q(-)235.935 122.2 Q(.)236.35 86.488 Q
(:)236.21 126.808 Q(-)239.535 122.2 Q(.)239.95 87.136 Q(:)239.81 130.408
Q(-)243.135 122.2 Q(.)243.55 88.144 Q(:)243.41 133.864 Q(-)246.735 122.2
Q(.)247.15 89.44 Q(:)247.01 137.176 Q(-)250.335 122.2 Q(.)250.75 91.096
Q(:)250.61 140.344 Q(-)253.935 122.2 Q(.)254.35 93.112 Q(:)254.21
143.368 Q(-)257.535 122.2 Q(.)257.95 95.344 Q(:)257.81 146.176 Q(-)
261.135 122.2 Q(.)261.55 97.864 Q(:)261.41 148.768 Q(-)264.735 122.2 Q
(.)265.15 100.672 Q(:)265.01 151.072 Q(-)268.335 122.2 Q(.)268.75
103.624 Q(:)268.61 153.016 Q(-)271.935 122.2 Q(.)272.35 106.792 Q(:)
272.21 154.744 Q(-)275.535 122.2 Q(.)275.95 110.176 Q(:)275.81 156.112 Q
(-)279.135 122.2 Q(.)279.55 113.56 Q(:)279.41 157.12 Q(-)282.735 122.2 Q
(.)283.15 117.088 Q(:)283.01 157.84 Q(-)286.335 122.2 Q(.)286.75 120.688
Q(:)286.61 158.2 Q(-)289.935 122.2 Q(.)290.35 124.288 Q(:)290.21 158.128
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122.2 Q(.)297.55 131.416 Q(:)297.41 156.976 Q(-)300.735 122.2 Q(.)301.15
134.8 Q(:)301.01 155.896 Q(-)304.335 122.2 Q(.)304.75 138.112 Q(:)304.61
154.456 Q(-)307.935 122.2 Q(.)308.35 141.28 Q(:)308.21 152.728 Q(-)
311.535 122.2 Q(.)311.95 144.232 Q(:)311.81 150.64 Q(-)315.135 122.2 Q
(.)315.55 146.968 Q(:)315.41 148.336 Q(-)318.735 122.2 Q(.)319.15
149.416 Q(:)319.01 145.744 Q(-)322.335 122.2 Q(.)322.75 151.648 Q(:)
322.61 142.864 Q(-)325.935 122.2 Q(.)326.35 153.592 Q(:)326.21 139.84 Q
(-)329.535 122.2 Q(.)329.95 155.176 Q(:)329.81 136.6 Q(-)333.135 122.2 Q
(.)333.55 156.472 Q(:)333.41 133.288 Q(-)336.735 122.2 Q(.)337.15
157.408 Q(:)337.01 129.76 Q(-)340.335 122.2 Q(.)340.75 157.984 Q(:)
340.61 126.232 Q(-)343.935 122.2 Q(.)344.35 158.2 Q(:)344.21 122.632 Q
(-)347.535 122.2 Q(.)347.95 158.056 Q(:)347.81 119.032 Q(-)351.135 122.2
Q(.)351.55 157.552 Q(:)351.41 115.504 Q(-)354.735 122.2 Q(.)355.15
156.688 Q(:)355.01 111.976 Q(-)358.335 122.2 Q(.)358.75 155.536 Q(:)
358.61 108.592 Q(-)361.935 122.2 Q(.)362.35 154.024 Q(:)362.21 105.352 Q
(-)365.535 122.2 Q(.)365.95 152.152 Q(:)365.81 102.256 Q(-)369.135 122.2
Q(.)369.55 149.992 Q(:)369.41 99.376 Q(-)372.735 122.2 Q(.)373.15
147.616 Q(:)373.01 96.712 Q(-)376.335 122.2 Q(.)376.75 144.952 Q(:)
376.61 94.264 Q(-)379.935 122.2 Q(.)380.35 142 Q(:)380.21 92.176 Q(-)
383.535 122.2 Q(.)383.95 138.904 Q(:)383.81 90.304 Q(-)387.135 122.2 Q
(.)387.55 135.664 Q(:)387.41 88.792 Q(-)390.735 122.2 Q(.)391.15 132.28
Q(:)391.01 87.64 Q(-)394.335 122.2 Q(.)394.75 128.752 Q(:)394.61 86.776
Q(-)397.935 122.2 Q(.)398.35 125.224 Q(:)398.21 86.344 Q
(Figure 16-1: Plotting with a)214.79 179 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25
(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(loop)2.5 E(The syntax of the)72 206.6 Q F1 -.25(fo)
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10/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.5 E F1(=)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E
F1(to)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(by)A F0([)2.5 E F1(*)
A F0(])A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr3).2 E F0(])A F1(do)2.5 E F2 2.5(Xb)2.5 G(ody X)
-2.5 E F0 .679(The semantics are as follo)72 242.6 R 3.179(ws: Set)-.25
F F2(variable)3.179 E F0(to)3.179 E F2 -.2(ex)3.179 G(pr).2 E F0 -3.179
3.179(1. W)D .68(hile the v)-3.179 F .68(alue of)-.25 F F2(variable)3.18
E F0 .68(is less than or equal to)3.18 F F2 -.2(ex)72 254.6 S(pr2).2 E
F0 3.407(,d)C(o)-3.407 E F2(body)3.407 E F0 .907(and increment)3.407 F
F2(variable)3.407 E F0(by)3.407 E F2 -.2(ex)3.406 G(pr3).2 E F0 3.406
(;i)C(f)-3.406 E F1(by)3.406 E F0 .906(is not gi)3.406 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.906(n, increment).15 F F2(variable)3.406 E F0 .906(by 1.)3.406 F(If)
5.906 E F2 -.2(ex)3.406 G(pr3).2 E F0(is)3.406 E(pre\214x)72 266.6 Q
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.976(will instead be multiplied by)3.476 F F2 -.2(ex)3.476 G(pr3).2 E F0
(.)A F2(X)5.976 E F0 .976(can be an)3.476 F 3.476(yc)-.15 G .977
(haracter not occurring in)-3.476 F F2(body)72 278.6 Q F0 2.5(;o)C 2.5
(rt)-2.5 G(he tw)-2.5 E 2.5(oX)-.1 G 2.5(sm)-2.5 G
(ay be paired braces \(as in the)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(command\).)2.5 E
(The syntax of the)97 294.2 Q F1(if)2.5 E F0(statement is as follo)2.5 E
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(ws: Ev)-.25 F(aluate)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)2.88 G(pr).2 E F0 2.88(;i)C 2.88
(fi)-2.88 G 2.88(ti)-2.88 G 2.879(sn)-2.88 G .379(on-zero then do)-2.879
F F2(if-true)2.879 E F0 2.879(,o)C .379(therwise do)-2.879 F F2
(if-false)2.879 E F0(.)A F2(X)5.379 E F0 .379(can be)2.879 F(an)72 342.2
Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)-2.5 E F2(if-true)2.5 E F0(.)A
F2(Y)5 E F0(can be an)2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(haracter not occurring in)-2.5
E F2(if-false)2.5 E F0(.)A .289(Eithe or both of the X or Y pairs may i\
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(sh)2.79 E F0(com-)2.79 E 3.571(mand. In)72 369.8 R 1.071
(either case, the)3.571 F F2(if-true)3.571 E F0 1.071
(may contain balanced pairs of braces.)3.571 F 1.07
(None of these delimiters will be)6.07 F(seen inside strings.)72 381.8 Q
.463(All the usual relational operators my be used in conditional e)97
397.4 R .464(xpressions; ! \(logical ne)-.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .464
(tion, not f).05 F(ac-)-.1 E(torial\), &&, ||, ==, !=, >=, <=, <, >.)72
409.4 Q .582(String comparison is also supported using == and !=.)97 425
R .582(String comparisons may need to be parenthe-)5.582 F(sized to a)72
437 Q -.2(vo)-.2 G(id syntactic ambiguities.).2 E F1 2.5(17. Interface)
72 461 R 1.84 -.92(To [)2.5 H(gt]r).92 E(off)-.18 E F0 .295
(The output of)97 476.6 R F1(pic)2.795 E F0(is)2.795 E F1([gt]r)2.795 E
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-.45 E(f)-.18 E F0(\(1\).)A F1 2.5(17.1. Scaling)72 512.6 R(Ar)2.5 E
(guments)-.1 E F0 .793(The D)97 528.2 R(WB)-.3 E F2(pic)3.293 E F0 .793
(\(1\) program will accept one or tw)B 3.293(oa)-.1 G -.18(rg)-3.293 G
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(hich is interpreted as a width)-3.293 F .284
(and height in inches to which the results of)72 540.2 R F2(pic)2.785 E
F0 .285
(\(1\) should be scaled \(width and height scale independently\).)B .128
(If there is only one ar)72 552.2 R .127(gument, it is interpreted as a\
 width to scale the picture to, and height will be scaled by)-.18 F
(the same proportion.)72 564.2 Q(GNU)97 579.8 Q F1(gpic)3.283 E F0 .783
(is less general; it will accept a single width to scale to, or a zero \
width and a maximum)3.283 F(height to scale to.)72 591.8 Q -.4(Wi)5 G
(th tw).4 E 2.5(on)-.1 G(onzero ar)-2.5 E
(guments, it will scale to the maximum height.)-.18 E F1 2.5(17.2. Ho)72
615.8 R 2.5(wS)-.1 G(caling is Handled)-2.5 E F0(When)97 631.4 Q F1(pic)
2.558 E F0 .057(processes a picture description on input, it passes .PS\
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(The .PS gets decorated with tw)72 643.4 R 3.417(on)-.1 G .917
(umeric ar)-3.417 F .917
(guments which are the X and Y dimensions of the picture in)-.18 F 2.5
(inches. The)72 655.4 R(post-processor can use these to reserv)2.5 E 2.5
(es)-.15 G(pace for the picture and center it.)-2.5 E(The)97 671 Q F1
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84 Q(.br)108 96 Q(.sp \\n[DD]u)108 108 Q(.ie \\n[.$]<2 .@error bad argu\
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(ds@need \(u;\\$1\)+1v)20 E 19(.i)108 144 S 6(n+)-19 G
(\(u;\\n[.l]-\\n[.i]-\\$2/2>?0\))-6 E(.)108 156 Q(..)108 168 Q(.de PE)
108 180 Q(.par@reset)108 192 Q(.sp \\n[DD]u+.5m)108 204 Q(..)108 216 Q
F0(Equi)72 237.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 1.608
(lent de\214nition will be supplied by GNU).25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(pic)4.108 E F0 1.607
(\(1\) if you use the -mpic option; this should mak)B 4.107(ei)-.1 G(t)
-4.107 E(usable with macro pages other than)72 249.6 Q F2(ms)2.5 E F0
(\(1\).)A 2.431(if .PF is used instead of .PE, the)97 265.2 R/F3 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(tr)4.931 E(off)-.18 E F0 2.432
(position is restored to what it w)4.932 F 2.432
(as at the picture start)-.1 F(\(K)72 277.2 Q
(ernighan notes that the F stands for "\215yback"\).)-.25 E(The in)97
292.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E F3(.PS <)108 310.8 Q F2(\214le)A F0
(causes the contents of)72 332.4 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0
(to replace the .PS line.)2.5 E(This feature is deprecated; use)5 E F3
(copy \214le)2.5 E F0(instead\).)2.5 E .352(By def)97 348 R .352
(ault, input lines that be)-.1 F .351
(gin with a period are passed to the postprocessor)-.15 F 2.851(,e)-.4 G
.351(mbedded at the cor)-2.851 F(-)-.2 E .661
(responding point in the output.)72 360 R .662
(Messing with horizontal or v)5.662 F .662(ertical spacing is an ob)-.15
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(oint size and font changes will usually be safe.)-2.5 E .765
(Point sizes and font changes are also safe within te)97 387.6 R .764
(xt strings, as long as the)-.15 F 3.264(ya)-.15 G .764
(re undone before the)-3.264 F(end of string.)72 399.6 Q(The state of)97
415.2 Q F3([gt]r)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0 1.1 -.55('s \214)D
(ll mode is preserv).55 E(ed across pictures.)-.15 E .542(The K)97 430.8
R .543(ernighan paper notes that there is a subtle problem with complic\
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(tures; the)72 442.8 R 3.418(yc)-.15 G .918(ome out wrong if)-3.418 F F2
(eqn)3.417 E F0 3.417(\(1\) has)B .917(to lea)3.417 F 1.217 -.15(ve ex)
-.2 H .917(tra v).15 F .917(ertical space for the equation.)-.15 F .917
(If your equation)5.917 F(in)72 454.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(lv).2 E .905
(es more than subscripts and superscripts, you must add to the be)-.15 F
.906(ginning of each equation the e)-.15 F(xtra)-.15 E(information)72
466.8 Q F1(space 0)2.5 E F0 5(.H)C 2.5(eg)-5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H
2.5(st).25 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing e)-.25 E(xample:)-.15 E F1(arrow)108
484.8 Q(box "$space 0 {H\( omega \)} over {1 - H\( omega \)}$")108 496.8
Q(arrow)108 508.8 Q .4 LW 261 550.8 225 550.8 DL 261 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8
RL 0 -3.6 RL CL BL 261 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST 315 568.8 MT
0 -36 RL -54 0 RL 0 36 RL CL ST F2(H)277.365 546 Q F0(\().95 E/F4 10
/Symbol-Slanted SF(w)-.35 E F0(\))1.26 E(1)-29.875 14 M/F5 10/Symbol SF
(-)2.2 E F2(H)2.78 E F0(\().95 E F4(w)-.35 E 306.66 550.4 269.34 550.4
DL F0(\))303.33 560 Q 351 550.8 315 550.8 DL 351 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0
-3.6 RL CL BL 351 550.8 MT -7.2 1.8 RL 0 -3.6 RL CL ST
(Figure 17-1: Equations within pictures)210.78 591.8 Q F3 2.5
(18. Interface)72 627.8 R(to T)2.5 E(eX)-.92 E F0(T)97 647 Q(E)-1.667
2.24 M 3.171(Xm)-1.25 -2.24 O .671(ode is enabled by the)-3.171 F F3
<ad74>3.171 E F0 3.171(option. In)3.171 F(T)3.171 E(E)-1.667 2.24 M
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F F3(\\graph)3.17 E F0 .67(for each)3.17 F 2.5(picture. Y)72 659 R
(ou must yourself print that vbox using, for e)-1.1 E
(xample, the command)-.15 E F3(\\centerline{\\box\\graph})97 674.6 Q F0
(Actually)72 690.2 Q 2.568(,s)-.65 G .068
(ince the vbox has a height of zero this will produce slightly more v)
-2.568 F .069(ertical space abo)-.15 F .369 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .069
(he picture).15 F(than belo)72 702.2 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(t;)-2.5 E F3
(\\centerline{\\raise 1em\\box\\graph})97 717.8 Q EP
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E(E)-1.667 2.24 M 2.5(Xd)-1.25 -2.24 O(ri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt)
.15 G(hat supports the)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(tpic)2.5 E F0
(specials, v)2.5 E(ersion 2.)-.15 E .386(Lines be)97 115.2 R .386
(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\)2.886 E F0 .385
(are passed through transparently; a)2.886 F F1(%)2.885 E F0 .385
(is added to the end of the line to a)2.885 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(unw)
72 127.2 Q .764(anted spaces.)-.1 F -1.1(Yo)5.764 G 3.264(uc)1.1 G .764
(an safely use this feature to change fonts or to change the v)-3.264 F
.765(alue of)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\\baselineskip)3.265 E F0(.)
A(An)72 139.2 Q .718
(ything else may well produce undesirable results; use at your o)-.15 F
.718(wn risk.)-.25 F .718(Lines be)5.718 F .718(ginning with a period)
-.15 F(are not gi)72 151.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(na).15 G .3 -.15(ny s)
-2.5 H(pecial treatment.).15 E(The)97 166.8 Q/F3 10/Symbol-Slanted SF(t)
2.5 E F0 2.5(xm)C(ode of)-2.5 E F2(pic)2.5 E F0(\(1\) will)A F2(not)2.5
E F0(translate)2.5 E F1(tr)2.5 E(off)-.18 E F0
(font and size changes included in te)2.5 E(xt strings!)-.15 E F1 2.5
(19. Obsolete)72 190.8 R(Commands)2.5 E F0(GNU)97 206.4 Q F2(gpic)2.5 E
F0 2.5(\(1\) has)B 2.5(ac)2.5 G(ommand)-2.5 E F1(plot)108 224.4 Q F2 -.2
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0([)2.5 E F1(")A F2(te)A(xt)-.2 E F1(")A F0(])A .879
(This is a te)72 242.4 R .879(xt object which is constructed by using)
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(as a format string for sprintf with an ar)3.379 F .879(gument of)-.18 F
F2 -.2(ex)72 254.4 S(pr).2 E F0 5.109(.I)C(f)-5.109 E F2(te)2.609 E(xt)
-.2 E F0 .109(is omitted a format string of "%g" is used.)2.609 F
(Attrib)5.109 E .108(utes can be speci\214ed in the same w)-.2 F .108
(ay as for a)-.1 F .654(normal te)72 266.4 R .654(xt object.)-.15 F .654
(Be v)5.654 F .655
(ery careful that you specify an appropriate format string;)-.15 F F1
(pic)3.155 E F0 .655(does only v)3.155 F .655(ery lim-)-.15 F
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(Figure 20-2: Hypothetical production \215o)151.05 647 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G
(or dual-mode publishing)-2.5 E F2 2.5(21. PIC)72 686.6 R(Refer)2.5 E
(ence)-.18 E F0(This is an annotated grammar of PIC.)97 702.2 Q EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-29-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5
(21.1. Lexical)72 84 R(Items)2.5 E F0 .317(In general,)97 99.6 R F1(pic)
2.817 E F0 .317(is a free-format, tok)2.817 F .317
(en-oriented language that ignores whitespace outside strings.)-.1 F
(But)5.316 E
(certain lines and contructs are specially interpreted at the le)72
111.6 Q(xical le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(l:).15 E 3.846(Ac)97 127.2 S
1.346(omment be)-3.846 F 1.347
(gins with # and continues to \\n \(comments may also follo)-.15 F 3.847
(wt)-.25 G -.15(ex)-3.847 G 3.847(ti).15 G 3.847(nal)-3.847 G 3.847
(ine\). A)-3.847 F(line)3.847 E(be)72 139.2 Q .359
(ginning with a period or backslash may be interpreted as te)-.15 F .359
(xt to be passed through to the post-processor)-.15 F(,)-.4 E .822
(depending on command-line options.)72 151.2 R .822
(An end-of-line backslash is interpreted as a request to continue the)
5.822 F(line; the backslash and follo)72 163.2 Q(wing ne)-.25 E
(wline are ignored.)-.25 E(Here are the grammar terminals:)72 178.8 Q
(<number>)72 194.4 Q 3.406(Ad)97 206.4 S .906(ecimal numeric constant.)
-3.406 F .906(May contain a decimal point or be e)5.906 F .906
(xpressed in scienti\214c notation in)-.15 F(the style of)97 218.4 Q/F2
10/Times-Italic@0 SF(printf)2.5 E F0(\(3\)')A 2.5(s%)-.55 G 2.5(ee)-2.5
G(scape. \(All v)-2.5 E
(ariables are represented internally in \215oating-point.\))-.25 E
(<string>)72 234 Q(An)97 246 Q 3.611(yA)-.15 G 1.112
(SCII characters surrounded by a pair of double quotes.)-3.611 F 1.112
(May contain a double quote if pre-)6.112 F(ceded by a backslash.)97 258
Q(<v)72 273.6 Q(ariable>)-.25 E 3.427(Al)97 285.6 S -.25(ow)-3.427 G(er)
.25 E .927(-case alphabetic character)-.2 F 3.427(,f)-.4 G(ollo)-3.427 E
.927(wed by an)-.25 F 3.427(yn)-.15 G .927(umber of alphanumerics.)
-3.427 F(\(V)5.926 E .926(alues of v)-1.11 F(ariables)-.25 E
(are preserv)97 297.6 Q(ed across pictures.\))-.15 E(<label>)72 313.2 Q
(An upper)97 325.2 Q(-case alphabetic character)-.2 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(ollo)
-2.5 E(wed by an)-.25 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G(umber of alphanumerics.)-2.5 E F1
2.5(21.2. Semi-F)72 349.2 R(ormal Grammar)-.25 E F0 -.8(To)97 364.8 S
-.1(ke).8 G(ns not enclosed in <> are literals, e).1 E(xcept:)-.15 E 15
(1. \\n)72 380.4 R(is a ne)2.5 E(wline)-.25 E 15(2. three)72 396 R
(dots is a suf)2.5 E(\214x meaning `replace with 0 or more repetitions \
of the preceding element.)-.25 E 15(3. enclosure)72 411.6 R
(in square brack)2.5 E
(ets has its usual meaning of `this clause is optional'.)-.1 E 15
(4. Square-brack)72 427.2 R .588(et-enclosed portions within tok)-.1 F
.588(ens are optional.)-.1 F(Thus,)5.588 E F1(h[eigh]t)3.088 E F0 .588
(matches either `height')3.088 F(or `ht'.)97 439.2 Q
(If one of these special tok)72 454.8 Q
(ens has to be referred to literally)-.1 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G
2.5(ss)-2.5 G(urrounded with single quotes.)-2.5 E(The top-le)97 470.4 Q
-.15(ve)-.25 G(l).15 E F1(pic)2.5 E F0(object is a picture.)2.5 E/F3 10
/Courier@0 SF 18(<picture> ::=)108 488.4 R(.PS [width [height]]\\n)6 E
(<statement> ...)210 500.4 Q(.PE \\n)210 512.4 Q F0(The)72 534 Q F2
(width)2.523 E F0(and)2.523 E F2(height)2.523 E F0(ar)2.523 E .022
(guments, if present, cause)-.18 F F1(pic)2.522 E F0 .022
(to attempt to scale the picture to the gi)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.522
(nd).15 G(imensions)-2.522 E .732(in inches.)72 546 R .732
(In no case, ho)5.732 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.532 -.4(r, w).15 H
.732(ill the X and Y dimensions of the picture e).4 F .732(xceed the v)
-.15 F .732(alues of the style)-.25 F -.25(va)72 558 S(riables).25 E F1
(maxpswid)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(maxpsheight)2.5 E F0(\(which def)2.5 E
(ault to the normal 8.5 by 11 page size\))-.1 E F1(.)A F0 .807
(If the ending .PS is replaced by .PF)72 573.6 R 3.307(,t)-.8 G .807
(he page v)-3.307 F .807(ertical position is restored to its v)-.15 F
.806(alue at the time .PS w)-.25 F(as)-.1 E 3.382(encountered. Another)
72 585.6 R .882(alternate form of in)3.382 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .882
(cation is).2 F F3 .882(.PS <)3.382 F F2(\214lename)A F0 3.382(,w)C .882
(hich replaces the .PS line with a)-3.382 F(\214le to be interpreted by)
72 597.6 Q F1(pic)2.5 E F0(\(b)2.5 E(ut this feature is deprecated\).)
-.2 E .128(The .PS, .PE, and .PF macros to perform centering and scalin\
g are normally supplied by the post-processor)72 613.2 R(.)-.55 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-30-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6
(<statement> ::=)108 84 R(<command> ;)6 E(<command> \\n)210 96 Q 18
(<command> ::=)108 120 R(<primitive> <modifier>...)6 E
(<label> : <command>)210 132 Q(<label> : <position>)210 144 Q
(<variable> = <expr>)210 156 Q(<direction>)210 168 Q 6({<)210 180 S
(command> ... })-6 E('[' <command> ... ']')210 192 Q
(for <var> = <expr> to <expr> [by <expr>] do { <command> ... })210 204 Q
(if <expr> then { <command> ... } [else { <command> ... }])210 216 Q
(copy <filename> [until <word>])210 228 Q
(copy <filename> thru <macroname> [until <word>])210 240 Q
(sh <balanced-text>)210 252 Q(print <print-item>)210 264 Q
(reset [ <variable> ... ])210 276 Q F0
(The current position and direction are sa)72 297.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5
(do).15 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(ntry to a { } and restored on e)-2.5 E
(xit from it.)-.15 E(Dra)72 313.2 Q 1.606(wn objects within [ ] are tre\
ated as a single composite object with a rectangular shape \(that of th\
e)-.15 F 1.036(bounding box of all the elements\).)72 325.2 R -1.11(Va)
6.036 G 1.036
(riable and label assignments within a block are local to the block.)
1.11 F 1.369(Current direction of motion is restored to the v)72 337.2 R
1.37(alue at start of block upon e)-.25 F 3.87(xit. Position)-.15 F(is)
3.87 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(not)3.87 E F0(restored)3.87 E(\(unlik)72
349.2 Q 3.182(e{})-.1 G 3.182(\)i)-3.182 G .682
(nstead, the current position becomes the e)-3.182 F .682
(xit position for the current direction on the block')-.15 F(s)-.55 E
(bounding box.)72 361.2 Q EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-31-)279.67 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6
(<primitive> ::=)108 84 R(box)6 E F0 2.5(#C)114 G
(losed object -- rectangle)-2.5 E F1(circle)210 96 Q F0 2.5(#C)96 G
(losed object -- circle)-2.5 E F1(ellipse)210 108 Q F0 2.5(#C)90 G
(losed object -- ellipse)-2.5 E F1(arc)210 120 Q F0 2.5(#O)114 G
(pen object -- quarter)-2.5 E(-circle)-.2 E F1(line)210 132 Q F0 2.5(#O)
108 G(pen object -- line)-2.5 E F1(arrow)210 144 Q F0 2.5(#O)102 G
(pen object -- line with arro)-2.5 E(whead)-.25 E F1(spline)210 156 Q F0
2.5(#O)96 G(pen object -- spline curv)-2.5 E(e)-.15 E F1(move)210 168 Q
(<text> <text> ...)210 180 Q F0 2.5(#T)30 G -.15(ex)-3.2 G 2.5(tw).15 G
(ithin in)-2.5 E(visible box)-.4 E F1 6(<attribute> ::=)108 204 R
(h[eigh]t <expr>)6 E F0 2.5(#S)42 G(et height of closed \214gure)-2.5 E
F1(wid[th] <expr>)210 216 Q F0 2.5(#S)48 G(et width of closed \214gure)
-2.5 E F1(rad[ius] <expr>)210 228 Q F0 2.5(#S)42 G
(et radius of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(diam[eter] <expr>)210 240 Q F0 2.5
(#S)30 G(et diameter of circle/arc)-2.5 E F1(up [ <expr> ])210 252 Q F0
2.5(#M)54 G .3 -.15(ove u)-2.5 H(p).15 E F1(down [ <expr> ])210 264 Q F0
2.5(#M)42 G .3 -.15(ove d)-2.5 H -.25(ow).15 G(n).25 E F1
(left [ <expr> ])210 276 Q F0 2.5(#M)42 G .3 -.15(ove l)-2.5 H(eft).15 E
F1(right [ <expr> ])210 288 Q F0 2.5(#M)36 G .3 -.15(ove r)-2.5 H(ight)
.15 E F1(from <position>)210 300 Q F0 2.5(#S)42 G
(et from position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(to <position>)210 312 Q F0
2.5(#S)54 G(et to position of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(at <position>)210
324 Q F0 2.5(#S)54 G(et center of open \214gure)-2.5 E F1(with <corner>)
210 336 Q F0 2.5(#F)54 G(ix corner at speci\214ed location)-2.5 E F1
(by <expr> <expr>)210 348 Q F0 2.5(#S)36 G(et object')-2.5 E 2.5(sa)-.55
G(ttachment point)-2.5 E F1(then)210 360 Q F0 2.5(#S)108 G(equential se)
-2.5 E(gment composition)-.15 E F1(dotted [ <expr> ])210 372 Q F0 2.5
(#S)30 G(et dotted line style)-2.5 E F1(dashed [ <expr> ])210 384 Q F0
2.5(#S)30 G(et dashed line style)-2.5 E F1(chop [ <expr> ])210 396 Q F0
2.5(#C)42 G(hop end\(s\) of se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1(->)210 408 Q F0
2.5(#D)120 G(ecorate with "to" arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E F1(<-)210 420 Q F0
2.5(#D)120 G(ecorate with "from" arro)-2.5 E(w)-.25 E F1(<->)210 432 Q
F0 2.5(#D)114 G(ecorate with both arro)-2.5 E(ws)-.25 E F1(invis)210 444
Q F0 2.5(#M)102 G(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(ep)-.1 G(rimiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25
H -.4(nv).15 G(isible).4 E F1(solid)210 456 Q F0 2.5(#M)102 G(ak)-2.5 E
2.5(ec)-.1 G(losed \214gure solid)-2.5 E F1(fill <expr>)210 468 Q F0 2.5
(#S)66 G(et \214ll density for \214gure)-2.5 E F1(same)210 480 Q F0 2.5
(#C)108 G(op)-2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.1 G(ize of pre)-2.5 E(vious object)-.25 E
F1(<text> <text> ...)210 492 Q F0 2.5(#T)30 G -.15(ex)-3.2 G 2.5(tw).15
G(ithin object)-2.5 E F1(<expr>)210 504 Q F0 2.5(#M)96 G
(otion in the current direction)-2.5 E 1.238(Missing attrib)72 525.6 R
1.238(utes are supplied from def)-.2 F 1.239
(aults; inappropriate ones are silently ignored.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)6.239 G
3.739(rl).15 G 1.239(ines, splines,)-3.739 F
(and arcs, height and width refer to arro)72 537.6 Q(whead size.)-.25 E
(The)97 553.2 Q F1(at)2.892 E F0(primiti)2.892 E .692 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.392(ets the center of the current object.).15 F(The)5.392 E F1(with)
2.892 E F0(attrib)2.892 E .392(ute \214x)-.2 F .391
(es the speci\214ed feature)-.15 F(of the gi)72 565.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
2.5(no).15 G(bject to a speci\214ed location.)-2.5 E(The)97 580.8 Q F1
(solid)2.5 E F0(primiti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.5(sn).15 G
(ot yet supported in GNU)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gpic)2.5 E F0(.)A
(The)97 596.4 Q F1(by)2.69 E F0(primiti)2.69 E .49 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.69
(sn).15 G .19(ot documented in the tutorial portion of the K)-2.69 F .19
(ernighan paper)-.25 F 2.69(,a)-.4 G .19(nd should proba-)-2.69 F
(bly be considered unreliable.)72 608.4 Q(The primiti)97 624 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G F2(arr)2.65 E -.1(ow)-.18 G F0(is a synon)2.6 E(ym for)-.15 E F2
(line ->)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 6(<text> ::=)108 642 R
(<string> [ <placement> ... ])36 E
(sprintf\("format", <expr> ...\) [ <placement> ... ])210 654 Q
(<placement> ::=)108 678 Q(center | ljust | rjust | above | below)12 E
F0 -1.25 -.7(Te x)72 699.6 T 2.56(ti).7 G 2.56(sn)-2.56 G .06
(ormally an attrib)-2.56 F .059
(ute of some object, in which case successi)-.2 F .359 -.15(ve s)-.25 H
.059(trings are v).15 F .059(ertically stack)-.15 F .059(ed and cen-)-.1
F(tered on the object')72 711.6 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(enter by def)-2.5 E 2.5
(ault. Standalone)-.1 F(te)2.5 E
(xt is treated as though placed in an in)-.15 E(visible box.)-.4 E EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-32-)279.67 48 Q 2.803(At)97 84 S -.15(ex)-2.803
G 2.803(ti).15 G .304(tem consists of a string or sprintf-e)-2.803 F
.304(xpression, optionally follo)-.15 F .304
(wed by positioning information.)-.25 F -1.25 -.7(Te x)72 96 T 2.859(to)
.7 G 2.859(rf)-2.859 G .359(ormat strings may contain {gtn}rof)-2.859 F
2.859(ff)-.25 G .358(ont changes, size changes, and local motions, pro)
-2.859 F .358(vided those)-.15 F
(changes are undone before the end of the current item.)72 108 Q 2.5(Ap)
97 123.6 S(osition is an \(x, y\) coordinate pair)-2.5 E 5(.T)-.55 G
(here are lots of dif)-5 E(ferent w)-.25 E(ays to specify positions:)-.1
E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6(<position> ::= <expr>)108 141.6 R 6(,<)6 G(expr>)
-6 E(<place> {+-} <expr> , <expr>)210 153.6 Q
(<place> {+-} \( <expr> , <expr> \))210 165.6 Q 6(\(<)210 177.6 S
(position> , <position> \))-6 E
(<expr> [of the way] between <position> and <position>)210 189.6 Q
(<expr> '<' <position> , <position> '>')210 201.6 Q 6(\(<)210 213.6 S
(position> \))-6 E 6(<place> ::=)108 237.6 R(<label> [ <dot-corner> ])30
E(<corner> of <label>)210 249.6 Q
([0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9]th [last] <primitive> <dot-corner>)210 261.6 Q
(<expr>'th [last]<primitive> <dot-corner>)210 273.6 Q
(<corner> of [0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9]th [last] <primitive>)210 285.6 Q
(<corner> of <expr>'th [last] <primitive>)210 297.6 Q(Here)210 309.6 Q(\
<dot-corner> ::= .n | .e | .w | .s | .ne | .nw | .se | .sw | .c | .star\
t | .end)108 333.6 Q(<corner> ::=)108 357.6 Q
(top | bot | left | right | start | end)30 E F0 2.065(As K)72 379.2 R
2.065(ernighan notes, "since barbarisms lik)-.25 F(e)-.1 E/F2 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(1th)4.565 E F0(and)4.565 E F2(3th)4.565 E F0 2.065
(are barbaric, synon)4.565 F 2.065(yms lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(1st)4.565 E
F0(and)4.565 E F2(3rd)4.565 E F0(are)4.565 E .721(accepted as well".)72
391.2 R .721(Objects of a gi)5.721 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.221(nt).15 G .721
(ype are numbered from 1 upw)-3.221 F .72
(ards in order of declaration; the)-.1 F F2(last)3.22 E F0
(modi\214er counts backw)72 403.2 Q(ards.)-.1 E 1.291(The "')97 418.8 R
1.291(th" form \(which allo)-.18 F 1.291(ws you to select a pre)-.25 F
1.291(vious object with an e)-.25 F 1.292(xpression, as opposed to a)
-.15 F(numeric literal\) is bnot documented in D)72 430.8 Q(WB)-.3 E F2
(pic)2.5 E F0(\(1\).)A(The follo)97 446.4 Q(wing style v)-.25 E
(ariables control output:)-.25 E F2(Style V)72 466.4 Q 12.5
(ariable Default What)-.92 F(It Does)2.5 E .08 LW 371.35 472.9 72 472.9
DL 186.07 454.9 186.07 474.9 DL 139.41 454.9 139.41 474.9 DL F0 59.21
(boxht 0.5)72 484.4 R(Def)24.58 E(ault height of a box)-.1 E 51.99
(boxwid 0.75)72 496.4 R(Def)19.58 E(ault height of a box)-.1 E 59.21
(lineht 0.5)72 508.4 R(Def)24.58 E(ault length of v)-.1 E(ertical line)
-.15 E(line)72 520.4 Q 52.24(wid 0.75)-.25 F(Def)19.58 E
(ault length of horizontal line)-.1 E 57.01(arcrad 0.25)72 532.4 R(Def)
19.58 E(ault radius of an arc)-.1 E 47.01(circlerad 0.25)72 544.4 R(Def)
19.58 E(ault radius of a circle)-.1 E 48.1(ellipseht 0.5)72 556.4 R(Def)
24.58 E(ault height of an ellipse)-.1 E(ellipse)72 568.4 Q 41.13
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Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 52.29(ht 0.5).15 F(Def)24.58 E(ault length of v)-.1 E
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